Production of Single Cell Protein

Production of Single Cell ProteinABSTRACTThe possibility of utilise Koji qualification fermentor for, Arachniotus citrinus and Candida utilis, hit cubicle protein (SCP) exertion was investigated. The MBP was produced from deoiled rice bran in ccc Kg Koji making fermentor aft(prenominal) optimise zymolysis conditions in 250 ml flasks by solid variantiate fermentation. The A. citrinus re ared maximal measures of substrate to water proportion (12), 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.075% CaCl2. 2H2O, 0.25% KH2PO4, CN (121), 1ml molasses (10% solution), 0.6 ml barm grievous bodily harm, and 2 ml lemon steep strong drink piece of music 2ml molasses (10% solution) and 0.25g urea for C. utilis for supreme pure(a) protein productiveness. The SCP in the 300 Kg Koji making fermentor contained uncut protein, square(a) protein, protein achieve, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, and RNA content of 30.13 %, 23.74 %, 2.97 %, 14.71 %, 6.77 %, 3.383% separately. The dried SCP showed a utte r(a) energy value of 3675 Kcal/kg and contained increase the take aims of all essential and non-essential aminic acids. The results suggest that A. citrinus and C. utilis cultures after part be used for the takings of SCP with pop out extensive pass in Koji making fermentor on striking carapace solid state fermentation.Keywords Solid state fermentation Rice bran single cell protein Arachniotus citrinus Candida utilis Koji making fermentor1. IntroductionA growing alarm for the severe food scarceness for the worlds increase population has led to the utilization of non-conventional food generators as outcomeiveness alter aborigines. Developing countries like Pakistan urgently need to increase livestock and bird mathematical product to enhance meat, milk and egg supplies to meet protein requirement of change magnitude population. In Pakistan, poultry industry has figure outed a main office in providing animate being protein (in the form of eggs and meat) to common ma n. But forage industry is facing massive shortage of both plant and tool based nourishment ingredients. These are the main constraints in the development of poultry industry. (Rajoka et al., 2006)One possible alternative is to ferment cheap non-conventional agro-industrial by-products to produce single cell protein (SCP). These resi receivables through fermentation will reduce the pollution as sound as provide a potential citation of vitamin C and energy for employment of SCP which is an economical, quite comparable to animal protein and potential appurtenant protein source. The SCP can replace costly conventional protein sources like soybean meal and fishmeal for feeding poultry, livestock and military personnels (Singh et al., 1991 Pacheco et al., 1997, Anupama and P. Ravindera., 2000).Solid state fermentation (SSF) refers to the stopping point of microorganisms (mainly fungus kingdom) on a solid medium, with a wet content that ensures off send and metabolism of mic roorganisms 5. (Del Bianchi et al., 2001). In SSF, the solid material acts as physical support and source of divergent nutrients. SSF systems offer several economical and practical advantages very much(prenominal) as higher(prenominal) product concentration, ameliorated product recovery, very simple cultivation equipment, cut back waste water output, lower capital investment and lower plant operation costs (Muniswaran et al., 1994). In SSF of agro-industrial byproducts can be increase their nutritional chemical composition, example, by increase protein content 6,7. (Rudravaram et al., 2006 Ravinder et al., 2003), improve the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of fermented foods by victimisation unalike microorganisms. (Lin et al., 2006 Zhang et al., 2008, leeward et al., 2008, Randhir et al., 2004, Lateef et al., 2008 Bhanja et al. (2008).The barm Candida utilis has been frequently used in SCP work because of its ease of isolation, can grew very well at room temp erature, ability to utilize a variety of carbon sources such as rice polishings (Rajoka et al., 2006), potato stiffen waste waters (Glinas and Barrette, 2007), salad oil manufacturing wastewater (Zheng et al., 2005) and molasses (Nigam and Vogel, 1991), to support high protein behave, its minimal energy requirements and. It has been used for work of several industrial products both for human and animal consumption (Zayed and Mostafa, 1992 Pacheco et al., 1997 Kondo et al., 1997 Otero et al., 1998, Adoki, 2002). It has wastefulnessively been used as a forces to produce several chemicals, such as glutathione (Liang et al., 2008), monellin (Kondo et al., 1997) and ethyl acetate (Christen et al., 1999).Mycelia tips of fungi easily penetrate in hard substrate and produce much higher center of the SCP as compared to submerged fermentation.6 A novel native fungous strain, Arachniotus citrinus is a white rot mesophillic fungus and has been used for the SCP on slight scale by utilis e incompatible agro industrial wastes.7 Shaukat et al., 2006 Previous studies of Arachniotus citrinus also proved that it has effective cellulases, glucoamylase producer in waste bread medium. steadfast resistance profile of from A. citrinus a donst proteases was detect. Jabbar et al., 2004 However, in that location is no literature inform to optimize the culture conditions for A. citrinus and C. utilis in rice bran on mammoth scale by using Koji making fermentor for its reutilization in poultry rations and its biologic evaluation in chickens. The main goal is to develop an optimal subroutine on large scale SCP for rice bran with high protein content for poultry and livestock feed industry.MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1. Rice branRice bran was obtained from National Feed Industries, Lahore, Pakistan. It was then sealed in polyethylene bags and stored at 4C for further use.2.2. Determination of variant components in rice branThe proximate analysis of rice bran was conducted to est imate its alimental composition by following the manners of the tie of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC,1994). triplicate samples of rice bran were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude plentiful, crude fiber, total ash, newton free extract and cellulose contents.2.3. OrganismArachniotus citrinus and Candida utilis (a gift from the National Institute for ergonomics and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan) were obtained. Both microorganisms were maintained on potato grape sugar agar (PDA) slants at 4C and regular shifting on the PDA slant at the interval of 15 geezerhood to remark them viable. Both Arachniotus citrinus and Candida utilis were used to prepare seed culture by transferring a loopful of cells to 200 ml seed culture medium in a 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The medium for Arachniotus citrinus was containing (g/L) rice bran, 20 CaCl2. 2H2O, 0.025 MgSO4.7H2O, 0.025 KH2PO4, 2 urea 18.9 and grown at 35C with pH 4 season the medium for C. utilis was containing (g L-1) KH2PO4,5.0 (NH4)2SO4, 5.0 CaCl2, 0.13 MgSO4, 0.5 yeast extract, 0.5 and grown at 35C with pH 6 on an orbital shaker (150 rpm for 24 h). 13,142.3.1. upshot of moisture content on Arachniotus citrinus SCP output signalFactors such as moisture content, ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2 .2H2O, KH2PO4 , carbon to nitrogen ration(CN), molasses (10% solution), yeast oozing, and corn steep liquor for Arachniotus citrinus and molasses (10% solution) and urea for C. utilis affecting the SCP work were standardized by adopting the search technique by varying one factor at a time. The optimized parametric quantity of one experiment was followed for succeeding experiments.In the first experiment, the effect of moisture content (ranging from substrate to water ratios of 12, 11, 1.51, and 21) on fungal SCP output signal, 5 g of rice bran was steamed, inoculated and incubated for 3 days at 35 C for the optimization of water content. all media were adjusted to pH 4.0 with 1 M NaOH or 1 M HCl. A quite a little of SCP was used for the estimation of crude protein and lawful(p) protein by following the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1994). The protein gain in the fermented rice bran was calculated jibe to Equation 1, while, the correction factors of 5.7 for rice bran and of 6.25 for fermented biomass calculations.Protein Gain %=(NF-NF0) X6.25 X100(NF0X5.7)Where NF = nitrogen content in fermented rice bran on as such basis, NF0= nitrogen content in unfermented bran.The moisture content favoring level best fungal SCP production was followed for ulterior experiments.2.3.2. final result of ionic concentration on fungal SCPTo find out the put to work of different ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2 .2H2O and KH2PO4 on A. citrinus SCP production, SSF was carried out for 3 days at 35C with pH 4 at ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%), CaCl2 .2H2O (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%) and KH2PO4 (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 %). The ionic concentrations braggart(a) high amount of SCP were taken as an best and applied for subsequent evaluation. All other chemicals were of analytical grade.2.3.3. opinion of molassesThe effect of different levels of 10% molasses (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ml) on fungal SCP was also evaluated by conducting experiments for incubation period of 3 days at 35C with pH 4. The other parameters were kept at their best levels.2.3.4. Effect of yeast sludgeExperiments were conducted to find out the effect of various(a) concentrations of yeast sludge on SCP production of A. citrinus by conducting SSF on sterilized 5g rice bran in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask for 3 days at 35C with pH 4. Optimum levels of all the other derived parameters were used. The yeast sludge giving maximum SCP production was determined as an optimum level of yeast sludge.2.4. Effect of corn steep liquorThe effect of various concentrations of corn steep liquor (0 , 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ml) on fungal SCP was also evaluated by conducting experiments at 35C with pH 4 for incubation period of 3 days. The other parameters were kept at their optimum levels. Corn steep liquor was obtained(a gift) from the Rafhan Maize Products (Pvt) Ltd, Faisalabad.2.5. Effect of various concentrations of molasses and urea on Candida utilis SCP productionTo controvert the becharm of various concentrations of 10% molasses (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 ml), and urea (0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3g) on yeast SCP production, experiments were conducted on 5g sterilized rice bran with C. utilis for 3 days at 35C with the pH of 6.0. The media were adjusted to pH 6.0 with 1 M NaOH or 1 M HCl.2.6 Large scale single cell protein production by solid state fermentationThe optimum conditions determined for SCP production by SSF of A. citrinus and C. utilis (in 250ml Erlenmeyer flask) were extended to ferment 300 kg rice bran in a Koji making fermentor (Fujiwara Techno- Art Co. L td, Japan) for the production of SCP(Fig 1). A simple SSF adjoin was followed. Major components of the rotary bed koji maker are a speech rhythm bed with a perforated bottom plate for up-flow aeration a set of adjustable speed mixer for plowing up rice bran during SSF a set of screw for sterilized substrate feed-in and SCP discharge, an air sterilizer and a humidifier. Temperature and humidity sensors are inserted for monitoring and fake the temperature and humidity, respectively. pH was monitored frequently by using pH meter. There was some modification (the Koji bed was cover with cheesecloth) for large scale SCP production of A. citrinus and C. utilis in a more vigorous and retardlable conditions with mechanized koji making facilities. The SCP product obtained on large scale was analyzed after drying at 70 C in a hot air oven (AOAC Methods, 1994) and RNA content was analyzed as depict previously (Pacheco et al., 1997 Rajoka et al., 2006).2.6.2. Gross energyIt was determine d by Parr oxygen method using Parr oxygen bomb calorimeter. The calorific value was calculated from the disturb generated by the combustion of known weight of the sample in the aim of 20 atmospheric pressure of oxygen reaction.3. Results and DiscussionRice bran is a by-product of the rice milling industry and used in animal feed, in fertilizer and by the cosmetics industry. It has a high nutritive value and serves as a valuable feed for cattle, poultry, and pigs. The protein content (10-15 %) of rice bran deliver al close to the same amount of protein as wheat and oats and even its protein is of substantially better quality than maize. The chemical composition of rice bran used in this experiment for SCP protein contain moisture content 2.50%, crude protein 13.50%, crude fat 3.01%, crude fiber 11.82%, ash content 11.40%, carbon content 40.35% and cellulose 9.70%. Because of the high nutrient contents, it was selected as a potential alternative substrate for the production of SCP by using A. citrinus and C. utilis. The primary objectives of this subscribe were to evaluate the potential of A. citrinus for SSF by using rice bran and production of fungal and yeast C. utilis biomass protein on large scale. Maximum microbic biomass protein from A. citrinus was obtained at optimal temperature 35 C, pH 4 and incubation time 3 d while for C. utilis optimal temperature 35 C, pH 6 and incubation time 3 d were selected (data non shown).3.1. Effect of moisture contentSolid-state fermentation is a well adopted method for cultivating fungi on agro-industrial wastes. It offers benefits for production of numerous enzymes and various chemicals. Solid-state fermentation has lower energy requirements, smaller effluent volumes, higher productivity, simple and easy operation of solid state fermentors. SSF is strongly impact by different factors such as selection of a straitlaced strain, substrate and other processing parameters for fermentation such as moisture content, temperature, pH, incubation period, ionic concentrations of different anions and cations, different sources of carbon and nitrogen and so forth In this study, different levels of moisture content were used to determine the optimum level of water to obtain maximum yield of fungal A. citrinus SCP.The results of our study indicated that the maximum level of SCP production (in terms of crude protein %) was discover at substrate to water ratio of 12 by using fungal A. citrinus in SSF. A epochal decrease (p 0.05) in SCP production was detect at 11(2.24%), 1.51(16.39%) and 21(23.57%) as compared to 11. A convertible trend was sight in original protein% and protein gain%. The maximum level of veritable protein% was notice at 12 while it was reduced at 11(1.15%), 1.51(15.78%) and 21(23.19%) as compared to 11. The highest protein gain % was observed at 12 while it was decreased at 11(5.08%), 1.51(37.27%) and 21(53.66%) as compared to 11.It was already reported that at 6% moisture (w/v ) corn stover had change magnitude the microbial biomass protein production by sequential culture fermentation with Arachniotus sp., at pH 4, 35 C for 72 h and then followed by C. utilis fermentation at pH 6, 35 C for 72 h (Ahmad et al., 2010). Zambare., (2010) erect that Aspergillus oryzae had change magnitude the glucoamylase enzyme production at 100% (v/w) initial moisture by using different agro-industrial wastes of SSF. Sharma and Satyanarayana., 2012 ground the highest production of a pectinase enzyme of Bacillus pumilus dcsr1 at moisture ratio of 1 2.5 by using different agro-resi delinquents in SSF. slackly low moisture content has been reported for maximum fungal ontogenesis, more utilization of substrate and significant advantage is lowering the risk of bacterial species contamination. This variation in moisture content might be due to differences in zymolysis fungal specie, and substrate. The reduction in SCP production at 11 of moisture content might be due to non -availability of nutrients due to lower moisture content and of lower water application that affected the microbial activities because of limitation in the nutrient solubilization, lower layer of substrate swelling and decrease in diffusion of gas to the cell during fermentation (Nagadi and Correria, 1992 Ellaiah et al., 2004). Even higher concentrations of moisture also affected the microbial enzymes metabolic activities as a result of substrate stickiness, less porous nature of substrate and very limited oxygen transfer during the process of SSF in fermentor (Kumar et al., 2003 Pandey et al., 2000).Effect of different ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2 .2H2O, and KH2PO4 on SCP productionAll the required admixturelic elements Mg, Ca and K can be supplied in the form of the cations of inorganic salts and they are normally required in comparatively large amounts. significant variation (p 0.05) of SCP production was observed at different concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O. Maxim um production was observed at 0.05%MgSO4.7H2O. Beyond 0.05%MgSO4.7H2O, the production of SCP was significantly lower. Concentrations higher up 0.05%MgSO4.7H2O also reduce the biomass production indicating the optimum level of MgSO4.7H2O for SCP production for A. citrinus was 0.05%.A significant difference (p 0.05) in SCP production (on crude protein% basis) was observed at control 0.0% (1.43%), 0.025% (0.24%) 0.075% (4.46%) and 0.10% (5.28%) as compared to 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O. When we compared accessory of different levels of MgSO4.7H2O for SCP production, we effectuate that on that point were change magnitude in production of SCP at 0.025% (1.20%) and 0.05% (1.45%) while on that point were decreased at 0.075% (3.07%) and 0.10% (3.91%) as compared to control 0.0% MgSO4.7H2O.The maximum levels of true protein% were observed at 0.025% and 0.05%. The average value of TP% was 17.08 0.06. When we compared with the highest value of TP% with different levels of MgSO4.7H2O, it was foun d that the TP% was lower at 0.0% (1.87%) while it was decreased at 0.05% (0.23%), 0.075% (4.85%) and 0.1% (9.76%) of MgSO4.7H2O. When we compared the effect of different levels of MgSO4.7H2O on true protein%, we found that at that place were increased in TP% at 0.025% (1.37%) and 0.05% (1.66%) while there were decreased at 0.075% (3.03%) and 0.10% (8.04%) as compared to control 0.0% MgSO4.7H2O.The highest protein gain% was observed at 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O 88.46 0.11 while it was lower at 0.0% (3.91%), 0.025% (0.55%) and decreased at 0.075% (10.0%) and 0.10% (21.02%) as compared to 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O. When we compared the influence of different inclusion levels of MgSO4.7H2O on protein gain%, we found that there were increased in PG% at 0.025% (2.69%) and 0.05% (3.26%) while there were decreased at 0.075% (7.06%) and 0.10% (18.44%) as compared to control 0.0% MgSO4.7H2O.Production of A. citrinus biomass protein was greatly influenced by different levels of CaCl2.2H2O. A significant incr ease in SCP production was observed in SSF by increasing the initial levels of CaCl2.2H2O from 0.025% to 0.075%. Maximum production of SCP was observed at 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O (24.66% 0.00). However, at 0.10% CaCl2.2H2O SCP production was decreased significantly (Table. 3).Significant variation (p 0.05) in SCP production (on crude protein% basis) was observed at control 0.0% (1.01%), 0.025% (0.64%) 0.05% (0.28%) and 0.1% (1.45%) as compared to 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O. When we compared postscript of different levels of CaCl2.2H2O for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 0.025% (0.36%), 0.05% (0.73%) and 0.075% (1.02%) while there was decreased at 0.10% (0.45%) as compared to control 0.0% CaCl2.2H2O.The maximum levels of true protein% were observed at 0.05% and 0.075% (average value 17.26 0.01). When we compared the highest value of TP% with other levels of CaCl2.2H2O, it was found that the TP% was lower at 0.0% (1.01%), 0.025% (0.64%) and 0.05% (0.28%) while it was decreased at 0.01% (1.45%) of CaCl2.2H2O. However, when we compared the effect of different levels of CaCl2.2H2O on true protein%, we found that there were increased in TP% at 0.025% (0.35%), 0.05% (0.93%) and 0.075% (1.22%) while there was decreased at 0.10% (0.05%) as compared to control 0.0% CaCl2.2H2O.The highest protein gain% was observed at 0.075% (90.69% 0.05) CaCl2.2H2O while it was lower at 0.0% (2.28%), 0.025% (1.43%) and 0.05% (0.61%) and decreased at 0.10% (3.21%) as compared to 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O. When we compared the influence of different inclusion levels of CaCl2.2H2O on protein gain%, we found that there were increased in PG% at 0.025% (0.86%), 0.05% (1.70%) and 0.075% (2.33%) while there was decreased at 0.10% (0.95%) as compared to control 0.0% CaCl2.2H2O.The maximum level of fungal SCP production was observed at 0.25% KH2PO4 level. A significant increase (p 0.05) was observed in SCP production from 0.05-0.25% KH2PO4 after SSF of rice bran with A. ci trinus.Significant variations (p 0.05) in the SCP production was observed at 0.0% (15.29%), 0.05% (14.30%), 0.10% (11.55%), 0.15% (7.35%) and 0.20% (2.68%) as compared to maximum increase production of SSP at 0.25% KH2PO4. When we compared supplementation of different levels of KH2PO4 for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 0.05% (1.17%), 0.10% (4.42%), 0.15% (9.37%), 0.20% (14.89%) and 0.25% (18.06%) as compared to control 0.0% KH2PO4.A similar trend was observed in true protein% and protein gain%. The maximum level of true protein% was observed at 0.25% KH2PO4 (20.39% 0.02). The true protein% of different levels of KH2PO4 were observed at 0.0% (15.49%), 0.05% (14.46%), 0.10% (11.47%), 0.15% (7.55%) and 0.20% (2.79%) as compared to 0.25%. However, when we compared the effect of different levels of KH2PO4 on true protein%, we found that there were increased in TP% at 0.05% (1.21%), 0.10% (4.75%), 0.15% (9.40%), 0.20% (15.03%) and 0.25% (18.34% ) as compared to control 0.0% KH2PO4.The highest protein gain% was observed at 0.25% (126.69% 0.17). The protein gain% of different levels of KH2PO4 were observed at 0.0% (28.57%), 0.05% (26.71%), 0.10% (21.58%), 0.15% (13.75%) and 0.20% (5.00%) as compared to 0.25% KH2PO4. When we compared the influence of different inclusion levels of KH2PO4 on protein gain%, we found that there were increased in PG% at 0.05% (2.60%), 0.10% (9.79%), 0.15% (20.74%), 0.20% (32.99%) and 0.25% (40.00%) as compared to control 0.0% KH2PO4.These purpose agree with the studies of Baig et al (2002) Xu and Yun (2003) Xiao et al (2004), Athar et al., 2009 and Ahmad et al., 2010. At these concentrations of 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O, and 0.25%KH2PO4 maximum SCP was produced.It has been reported that mineral ions play a pivotal function in fungal growth and in their secondary metabolite formations. Chardonnet et al.(1999) found that external Ca2+ can play an indirect role in fungal growth by fixat ion internal Ca2+, which controls the cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient, and the activity of fungal enzymes involved in cell mole expansion. The direct effect of Ca2+ on the fungal cell smother may also be a significant factor in cell membrane permeability interactions. In contrast, Papagianni (2004) found that increased concentrations of Ca2+ chasten the tax write-off of fungal biopolymers might be due to effect on enzymes such as b-glucan synthesis. For higher CaCl2.2H2O concentrations, the calcium ion content of the cell wall increased, resulting in reduced protein and neutral sugar contents. Mg2+ is also an essential metal ion to all fungi. It act as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions, stabilizes the germ plasm membrane, and its uptake is ATP dependent. Potassium ion is very important for the regulation of osmotic strength and intracellular pH while phosphorus plays an important role in all phases of cellular metabolism (Conn and strumpf,1976 Verchtert, 1990).PO4-3 (phosphate), in th e form of K- salt, was added because K+ is required for the absorption of phosphate. On the other hand, when Na2HPO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were added to bacterial, yeast and fungal cultures, unfortunate growth rates and higher resting oxygen consumption were observed as compared to K fed microbes(Conway and Moore,1954). This could be probably due to the death of fermenting microorganisms caused by reverse osmosis in the presence of higher concentrations of ions. A compounding of Ca2+ Mg2+ and K+ ions gave rise to enhanced mycelia growth of A. citrinus in SSF of rice bran.Effect of carbon nitrogen ratio on SCP production by fermentation with A. citrinusThe Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio is important in a biological process. Microorganisms require a proper nitrogen supplement for metabolism during fermentation. It is a major nutrient for fungal growth. High concentrations of nitrogen have increasing the fungal growth and biomass yield. It is necessary to maintain proper composition of the growth media for efficient fermentation process so that the CN ratio remains within desired range. Microorganisms generally utilize carbon 25-30 measure faster than nitrogen during anaerobic digestion.The C N ratio of 121 produced maximum SCP production (29.91 0.02) by fermentation with A. citrinus (Table. 5).A significant variation (p 0.05) in the CP% production was observed. We found that there were decrease in the production of CP% when we supplied different CN ratios of 151 (14.91%), 171 (0.70%), 191 (8.72%), 211 (10.76%) and 231 (15.84%) as compared to C N of 121.The maximum level of TP% was observed at C N of 121 (29.94% 0.04). However, when we compared the effect of different ratios of CN on TP%, we found that there were decreased in TP% at 151 (40.40%), 171 (28.72%), 191 (36.13%), 211 (37.54%) and 231 (41.11%) as compared to C N of 121.The highest PG% was observed at C N of 121 (133.33% 0.22). When we compared the influence of different ratios of CN on PG%, we found that there were decreased in PG% at 151 (27.16%), 171 (1.29%), 191 (15.89%), 211 (19.63%) and 231 (28.86%) as compared to control C N of 121.in agreement with Kiani (1989), Gutierrez et al (2004) and Zheng et al (2005) Rajoka et al., 2004, Athar et al., 2009 Ali et al., 2010 . This could be due to the fact that when CN was 121, maximum production of biomass protein was produced. If the ratio was increased above this level, excess urea was produced which was responsible for the increase in pH and ultimately reduced the production of single cell protein.Replacement of one nitrogen source for another in the medium causes a change in protein synthesis as well as product formation. To explore the influence of nitrogen sources on production of crude protein and RNA, were compared to, urea, and corn steep liquor (which are cheap nitrogen sources) when added to rice polishings medium. The results (Table 1) show that these nitrogen compounds influenced the production of protein productivity and RNA content to varying degrees. Generally, the results confirmed that corn steep liquor, a low-cost by-product of the starch industry, supported the maximum kinetic parameters of crude protein compared to those of other nitrogen compounds. The organism produced lower SCP from sodium nitrate and ammonium nitrate and was attributed to low nitrate reductase activity in the organism.However, the maximum EPS production was achieved when yeast extract was employed as nitro-gen source An appropriate amount of C N ratio is the key to get maximum yield of SCP.19,20 Urea is a low cost fertilizer and supported maximum SCP production which was in agreement with previous studies.21,22Effect of supplementation with molasses (10% solution) on SCP production by fermentation with A. citrinusFermentation was carried out at different concentration of cane molasses (10% solution) to standardize the optimum level of molasses. High levels of SCP make at 1ml of molasses (10% solution). Further addition o f molasses results in decreased SCP production (table. 5). Significant variations (p 0.05) in the SCP production were observed at 0.0 ml (3.28%), 2 ml (2.78%), 3 ml (7.99%), 4 ml (19.34%), 5 ml (34.20%) and 6 ml (53.90%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 1 ml of molasses (10% solution). However, when we compared supplementation of different levels of molasses (10% solution) for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 1 ml (3.39%) and 2 ml (0.59%) levels. However, further addition of molasses (10% solution) at 3 ml (4.87%), 4 ml (16.60%), 5 ml (31.97%) and 6 ml (52.33%) decreased the SCP production when we compared these levels with control 0.0 ml molasses (10% solution).A similar trend was observed in true protein% and protein gain%. The maximum level of true protein% was observed at 1 ml of 10% molasses (22.26% 0.15). The true protein% of different levels of 10% molasses were observed at 0.0 ml (3.68%), 2 ml (3.14%), 3 ml (8.04%), 4 ml (19.72%), 5 ml (34.54%) and 6 ml (54.08%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 1 ml of molasses (10% solution). However, when we compared supplementation of different levels of molasses (10% solution) for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 1 ml (3.82%) and 2 ml (0.55%) levels. However, further addition of molasses (10% solution) at 3 ml (4.80%), 4 ml (16.65%), 5 ml (32.04%) and 6 ml (52.33%) decreased the SCP production when we compared these levels with control 0.0 ml molasses (10% solution).The highest protein gain% was observed at 1 ml of 10% molasses (147.32% 0.86). The PG% of different levels of 10% molasses were observed at 0.0 ml (5.73%), 2 ml (4.87%), 3 ml (13.94%), 4 ml (33.77%), 5 ml (59.66%) and 6 ml (94.01%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 1 ml of molasses (10% solution). However, when we compared supplementation of different levels of molasses (10% solution) for SCP production, we found that there w ere increased in production of SCP at 1 ml (6.08%) and 2 ml (0.93%) levels. However, further addition of molasses (10% solution) at 3 ml (8.71%), 4 ml (29.74%), 5 ml (57.2%) and 6 ml (93.65%) decreased the SCP production when we compared these levels with control 0.0 ml molasses (10% solution).Flasks experiments using molasses and sucrose for enzyme production showed a pH increase during the fermentation. High pH affects the enzyme stability. Consumption of sucrose or glucose as carbon source is not cost-effective in the production of microbial biomass protein. Low cost substrates such as cane molasses can be used for the production of microbial biomass protein for animal feed supplements.23,24 In addition, molasses is widely available from the sugar industry and consist of water, sucrose (47-50%, w/w) which is the disaccharide most easily exploited by yeast cells. It also contain 0.5-1% nitrogen, proteins, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids and heavy metals.25 Therefore, it is a very attractive carbon source for SCP production economically. In this study, molasses were added to the fermentation medium to enhance the SCP production. Among different concentrations of molasses, 1 and 2 ml molasses gave higher SCP production by fermentation with Arachniotus sp. and C. utilis, respectively (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7). The results of our experiment were agreed with the previous studies.17, 26 The present results showed the potential of Arachniotus sp. and C. utilis to grow on cheap substrates like rice bran along with molasses for SCP production.Effect of Yeast SludgeSignificant variation (p 0.05) of SCP production was observed at different yeast sludge levels. Maximum production was observed at 0.6 ml (Table. 2). Beyond 0.6 ml, the production was significantly reduced. Yeast sludge above 0.6 ml also reduces the SCP production indicating the optimum level of yeast sludge for biomass production for A. citrinus was 0.6 ml. Significant variations (p 0.05) in the SCP produc tion were observed at 0.0 ml (5.22%), 0.2 ml (3.55%), 0.4 ml (1.79%), 0.8 ml (8.09%), 1.0 ml (15.32%) and 1.2 ml (22.04%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 0.6 ml of YS.Ho