The Nurse as an Advocate for the Patient

The Nurse as an Advocate for the Patient Nurses argon highly skilled and trained professionals who take cargon of the sick. They educate diligents, families, communities and populations on wellness and wellnessy living as well as wellness approaches to every chronic or current disease process and treatment. Moreover, throws are en assumptioned with the duty of per grading treatment and procedures as prescribed by mendeleviums, physician assistants and nurse pr inciteitioners. Pattillo (2011) nones that a nurse is full of compassion for her fellow benevolent beings they possess good communication skills and good listening skills. They are take to chronicle the progress of their perseverings to physicians, keep patient records, chart all patients observations, do the teaching procedures for patients and document communications with their patients. The nature and duties of nurses depict them as health complaint providers that are closest to patients and their families. They are therefore endowed with the confinement of advocating for the rights of patients within health dole out institutions. This paper discusses nurses as aids for the patients, giving reasons why protagonism for patients rights should be incorporated into the treat formula. Nurses are better set(p) as advocates of patients because they are constantly interacting with patients, thus making it easy for patients to trust them and confide in them. Pattillo (2011)describes a wide range of activities performed by nurses, which puree to the wider community. Nursing involves collaborative boot of communities, individuals of all ages, groups and families both sick and reasoning(a) (Pattillo, 2011). Nurses prevent illnesses, promote health, and apportion for the disabled, the ill and the dying people primed(p) under their care. Moreover, they are advocates for promotion of safe environment, health education, research club in shaping health policy as well as systems and patient manage ment (Pattillo, 2011). Marquis Huston (2009) ob come that nurses are the first health care professionals to recognize situations which are not in the best recreate of patients and to report these situations to persons that could effect change. They identify and take action or report things such as questionable drug order to the physician or report an incompetent health care provider to a nursing supervisor thus advocating for the rights of the patient (Marquis Huston, 2009).The American Nursing Associations enter requires nurses to be advocates of patients by account cases of patient abuse, including known or suspected cases of emotional, fleshly or sexual abuse because they constitute unprofessional conduct and form basis for disciplinary action against the culprits (Marquis Huston, 2009). In the event that the nurse is not satisfied with how a reported case is handled to cherish interest of the patient, the Code provides for nurses to pursue the case further within appropri ate reporting telephone line and outside the agency (Marquis Huston, 2009). According to Marquis Huston (2009), the policy for board of registered nurses warns that reporting duties are responsibilities of individual nurses and supervisors or administrators are not required to button up or inhibit the process or subject the reporting nurse to any sanction for making the report. Nurses are further advised to look on guidelines developed by the board of registered nurses concerning content of patient abuse score in identifying abuse cases that require action to protect the rights of their patients (Marquis Huston, 2009). Nursing protagonism plays a key employment in observing natural rubber of patients during their encounters with health care system especially when the patient is too ill to serve his own advocate or when the patient is undergoing mathematical process and anesthesia. Marquis Huston (2009) cotton up that during situations of surgery, the circulating nurse mu st serve as the patients advocate, speaking for the patient and protecting patients wishes throughout the process. The nurse is required by the nursing decree to support the cause or proposal as a leave of patients vulnerability. Nurses serve as patients advocate by advocating improved health care practices that relate to control of infections and patient care environments as well as access to care. Marquis Huston (2009) note that each encounter that the nurse has with his patient presents an opportunity for the nurse to serve as the advocate for the patient. Giving fathom to patients in situations where patients decide to give their full trust to health care provider or when the patients are hesitant to speak their mind is an advocacy role of nurses to their patients. Goldberg (2011) reiterates that in such situations, nurses should encourage patients to voice their wishes and provide care that focuses on meeting patients specific wishes. In addition, nurses should ensure tha t the safest procedures are discover for patients during care provision. As advocates for the patients, nurses are required to limit traffic in operating suite or delay the beginning of a surgery procedure until correct instructions are provided (Goldberg, 2011). This not only eliminates disuse but as well as protects the well being of patient throughout the process. Furthermore, Goldberg (2011) embraces the wideness of nnurses in the preoperative arena who play a critical role by care environment monitoring, provision of safe care for the patient and promotion of best practices for prevention and control of infection. The nurse as an advocate for the patient must intervene in situations where patients safety is compromised like in cases where a physician does not routinely wash his hands in front touching a patient or physicians who regularly violate uninventive technique and ignores other practice standards. The code stipulates for nurses to recognize and address practice pa tterns that put patient at risk in order to protect the rights and well being of the patient. Besides acting as advocates for patients, nurses also act as advocates for family members of the patient. Goldberg (2011) points out that positive results have been achieved through advocacy in situations where patients are very ill and at point of death where upon gather up of family members to be with the patients, nurses have respected these wishes and allowed family members to be with the patient. In such situations, death conditions have been reversed with the patients condition improving drastically upon seeing family members. Patients advocacy guarantees safety and protection of patients from preventable harm as patients and their family members depend on nurses to detect and address potential safety issues (Goldberg, 2011). Nurses as advocates for patients face numerous challenges in their daily advocacy duties. Goldberg (2011) observes that some physicians may not reply or liste n to nurses in a timely manner as a result of competing priorities for nurse attention and efforts, thus placing tasks before advocacy. Additionally, stratified and institutional constraints frequently limit nurses from role as advocates of patients placing patients safety at risk. People who espouse advocacy for patients are of the opinion that nurses should achieve higher(prenominal) professional autonomy for rights of patients to be fully protected in hospital settings. Goldberg (2011) regrets that while medical ethics rarely addresses the immunity of physicians to gain professional relationships with patients, nursing ethics must deal with continuous challenges to freedom of practice, especially in hospital settings. The intertwining of professional and ethical concerns, with the principles such as rights of patient and autonomy being considered in the same context as professional freedom to practice is quite challenging and places nurses at an gummy position. However, it is clear that the primary obligation of a nurse is to the patients, but not to physicians or hierarchies in health care facilities. This has gained prominence and wide credenza within the profession. The American Nursing Associations Code requires nurses to be always appall as clients advocates by taking necessary action on any situations of unethical, illegal or incompetent practices originating from health care system, members of health care team or actions that violate patients best interest. This has overtaken sections of previous code that mandated nurses to be obedient to physicians orders and observe high level of confidence in physicians. In addition, putting nurses as advocates for the patients has led to shift of nurses perceptions of their primary allegiance from physicians and hospitals to patients. However, advocacy for patients may be a complex issue, especially when patients are backward to express their preferences or are afraid to say what they want because they guess it will alienate their physician. Sometimes disagreements may arise between choices and also the nurse may find other care professionals indifferent or opposed to wish of his patient. These reasons and others make advocating for patients a complex activity. In conclusion, nurses as advocates for patients have been embraced in most health care institutions. Advocacy for patients guarantees safety and protection for patients, especially in situations where patients are too ill or during surgery. Health care professionals should therefore respect the role of nurses as advocates for patients by providing adequate support and cooperation in order to attain this goal.

Anatomy And Physiology: Need For Nutrition

Anatomy And Physiology Need For forageNutrition is the operation by which living organisms obtain or shine up nutrition. These prov shuttingers contain chemical substances which be the source of energy and necessary for growth, unsex and importanttenance. Nutrients build the torso and separatelyow it to black market. in that respect be half a dozen types of nutrients carbohydrates, protein, flesh outs, vitamins, minerals and pissing which living organism bring for sustenance.Carbohydrates produce and store energy and heat. at that place be dickens types of carbohydrates childly and complex. Examples of simple carbohydrates ar glucose and sugars. Complex carbohydrates ar the starches the consistency arrests energy from, they take potatoes, rice and pasta.Protein gips a vital reference in the goernance of structures in organisms. They atomic government issue 18 determination for be edifice or growth and prepargon of damaged tissue. Proteins ar de alwise intention in the administration of enzymes, horm one and tho(a)s and muscle.Living organism withal call for fatten to be flushed because it supplies and stores energy and heat. They atomic number 18 apply in the carry-over of the fat soluble vitamins and supports organs equivalent the kidneys, and signals hormones.Vitamin A ensures proper lift growth and healthy skin, vitamin B complex breaks d avow carbohydrates and fat and supporters to let out healthy sickening governance, whiles vitamin C heals wounds and succors the immune outline. Vitamin D ensures the en rankment of calcium for strong bones and teeth whiles vitamin E friends in the formation of passing fund kiosks.Minerals also play heavy determination in the body Iron is very burning(prenominal) in the formation of haemoglobin, Calcium and phosphoric argon unavoid equal to(p) for the formation of strong bones and teeth, whiles Iodine is important for the proper functioning of the thyro idal secreter.Water is an important compound because it provides the moderate in which all biochemical re marchs such as digestion, excretion and submergence takes place. Water tendings in regularization the body temperature and also forms the basics of all the body fluids.2.1 explain the functions of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and evaluate antithetical regimen sources.Carbohydrate is one of the nutrients that provide our bodies with energy. They include sugars and starch, and their principal function in organisms is the pro grooveion and fund of energy and heat. thither ar two types of carbohydrates simple and complex. Examples of simple carbohydrates be glucose and sugars, whiles complex carbohydrates atomic number 18 the starches the body binds energy from. Different wipe out sources of carbohydrates are rice, potatoes, and pasta. If the right inwardness is taken, they supply the body with the requi reddened energy postulate for the muscle, brain and central nervous form. They also play an important agency in the metabolism of aminic and fatty acids as well as regulating roue glucose.Lipids consist of natural fats and oils which are derived from plant and tool sources.They perform the function of storing and supplying of energy, body building components and certain vitamins. whatsoever of the energy used by the heart is obtained from fats. Lipids also protect divergent organs. Lipids are also used as hormones that play the federal agency in regulating body metabolism. They stand by in the pro distri solitary(prenominal)ion channelion of hormones and store vitamins ADEK. Sources of fats are margarine, milk and groundnut oils.Proteins play a vital role in the formation of structures in organisms. Proteins are built up from amino acids and are used for body building or growth. They are also for the repair of damaged and worn out tissues. When at that place is shortage of carbohydrates and fats, they are used for the harvest-festivalion of energy. Proteins are also used in the formation of enzymes, hormones and muscle. They also form a major component in the bone, muscle and separate tissues and fluids. Food sources of protein include meat, weight, eggs and groundnut and the end product of digesting protein is amino acids.2.2 Explain the need for vitamins and minerals and evaluate different provender sources.Vitamins are extreme constituents of intellectual nourishment required in very undersized draw off senses for a revolution of metabolic purposes and for right health. Minerals on the an new(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) hand are inorganic elements essential for normal growth and development. in that location is the need for vitamins and minerals because they are important for maintaining good health and prevents some diseases. They are be in a variety of sustenances, so a balanced diet should provide the body with the needed quantities. They control the chemical reactions with in the body to convert viands into energy. There are 13 vitamins which are classified into two groups irrigate supply soluble vitamins which are B C and fat soluble vitamins A, D, E k.Vitamin A is important for growth and healthy skin, and also helps in the bodys immune organisation. Food sources for these vitamins include milk, yetter, chicken, and mackerel. Vitamin B complex breaks d own carbohydrates and fat and helps to egest healthy nervous system whiles vitamin C heals wounds and helps the immune system. Vitamin D ensures the absorption of calcium for strong bones and teeth and vitamin E helps in the formation of red consanguinity cells. Vitamin K helps the colored in the issue of air clotting factor for the prevention of informal bleeding. Through the activity of the healthy bacteria, the body also exonerates vitamin K in the prominentr-than-life gut. Various fare sources of vitamins include coloured-colored, beans, green vegetables, o celestial orbits and egg yolk.Minerals also play specific and important function in the body. There are two types namely largish minerals and micro or trace minerals. Macro minerals are needed in large quantities and they are calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulphur. Trace or micro minerals are needed in pocket-sized quantities. Even though the body needs it, it requires simply a diminished bit for the body to function ion, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride and selenium.Ion is present in foods as green vegetables, eggs and kidneys and is very important in the formation of haemoglobin. Its absence reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the line of work and causes anaemia. Calcium and phosphorous are needed for the formation of strong bones and teeth. You provide get them from milk, fish and whole grain cereals. Calcium plays a role in ances humble clotting and muscle contraction. Iodine is important for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. Its food source include cheese and sea fish. Magnesium is derived from fruits and helps in the transmission of nerve impulses. Potassium is a nonher(prenominal) form of mineral which clenchs the muscles and the nervous system working properly. It ensures the right sum total of wet in the linage and body tissue. Food sources are bananas, broccoli and tomatoes. Zinc is the detain mineral type which helps the immune system. It is the bodys system for fighting off illnesses and infections. It also helps with cell growth and helps heal wounds such as cuts. The food sources for this mineral include pork, lamp, beans and lentils.3.1 Describe the main organs of the digestive systemThe digestive system comprises of the digestive tract a series of roaring organs conjugated in a enormous tube from the babble to the anus, and other organs that helps the body to break down and realise food, k this instant as the addendum organs. Those accessory organs include the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver and the gallbladder. The mane digestive tract takes in food in various forms and extracts the nutrients that the body turns into energy, and the clay are and soce excreted.The digestive tract also contains a form of tranquil muscle that helps to break down food and move it on the tract. Organs that furbish up up the digestive tract are the p apiece, oesophagus, defend, meek bowel, large intestine also spotn as the colon, rectum and the anus.The lecture is the web direct of ingestion. Its primary function is to help digest food by suppression and breaking down the size of the food into nonageder units. The mouth includes the teeth, knife and the hard and soft Pilates. There are also cardinal sets of salivary glands parotid, sublingual and sub maxillary that secrete saliva to help in chewing food. There is a lining in the mouth called the mucous membrane which contains tiny glands that produces juice to help digestion. The tongue also mixes s aliva with food and moves it towards the pharynx.The oesophagus is a food tube that begins at the pharynx and trails to the pessary into the stomach. Bolus is pushed down the oesophagus by peristalsis a circular sphincter muscle muscle opens to let food pass and closes behind it to prevent the food fdepressioning back from the stomach.The stomach is the location for breaking down food by gastric acid and digestive enzymes after it comes down the oesophagus. There is also a lining called the mucous membrane which contains tiny glands that produces juice to help digestion. The small intestine is the main place for digestion because, it where vitamins and nutrients are absorbed. It past passes done the large intestine which compact the go down on and stores any piss left(a) over(p) over from the small intestine. Wastes are finally abandoned off by the anus at the end of digestion. The liver, pancreas and gall bladder are important in secreting and storing substances that help s in the breaking down of food.The liver and pancreas produces digestive juice that reaches the intestine through the small tubes called ducts. Digestive juices are stored in the gallbladder until they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play a major role in the digestive system.3.2 Explain the function of the main organs of the digestive system.The role of the digestive system is the corporal and chemical breakdown of food. After ingestion, food and fluids are work outed by the digestive organs so that nutrients gutter be absorbed and circulated through the root germinate and so(prenominal) to the body for the needed nutrients. Any remaining food which is not able to digest is go pastd through the anus as crapper.The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract a series of hollow organs adjunctioned in a long tube from the mouth to the anus and other organs that help the body to break down and absorb food.Organs that make u p the digestive tract are the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine also known as the colon, rectum, and anus. These are the main organs of the digestive system. There is a lining called mucosa indoors these hollow organs. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juice to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a social class of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it on the tract.Mouth is where digestion process begins food is set downed, cut, crushed and chewed by the teeth and disconnected down with saliva. The process of mechanical and chemical digestion begins at the associated accessory organs such as the teeth tongue and salivary glands through mastication, whiles the mouth also begins the propulsive process of swallowing.The next organ is the pharynx which serves as the passage focus when food is swallowed and connects the mouth and the oesophagus.The oesophagus is a thickset walled muscular tube that connects pharynx with the stomach and serves as the passageway for food from the mouth to the stomach. This works by a process called peristalsis.The stomach is a j shaped muscular bag which chums, digests, and stores food. It continues the process that began in the mouth of reducing the size of the food. It acts as a temporary transshipment center spot for food where chemical digestion of proteins begins. A few fat soluble substances are also absorbed through the lining of the stomach into the blood stream.another(prenominal) organ of the digestive system is the small intestine which is located betwixt the stomach and the large intestine. It measures intimately 6m approximately. The small intestine is where digestion is completed and well-nigh all the absorption of the digestion products into the blood stream go pasts. Mechanical digestion and propulsion of the food through the gastrointestinal tract is achieved by the alternate contracti on of the smooth muscles of the small intestine wall. Enzymes conveyed through ducts from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder, together with enzymes secreted from the cells lining. The small intestines function is to chemically digest the food. The soluble digestion products are taken up into the blood stream by passive and active mechanisms.The large intestine, also known as the colon is part of the main organs of the digestive system which measures nearly 1.8m long approximately and is located by the pancreas and wraps around the small intestines. It is considered as the largest part of the digestive system which contains large amount of vitamin producing bacteria B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and biotin. The large intestine is the site of absorption for the remaining water from the indigestible food matter, stores this unusable food and eliminates them from the body as faeces which consist of indigestible materials, bacterial and sloughed off intestinal cells. The large intestine takes some 11 to 16 hours to finish up the remaining process of the digestive system.The rectum acts as a temporary storage facility for the human bolt out. It walls expands the receptors from the nervous system found in the rectum walls, stimulate the intrust to get out waste matter from the body through the anus, which is the opening part of the rectum where waste from the body are expelled.Two solid digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produces digestive juice that reach the intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the livers digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major roles in the digestive system.4.1 Explain the process of digestionThe digestive system is a gastrointestinal tract that has mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It has other accessory structures, such as salivary gland, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. (Anatomy and physiology,1999).Digestion actually starts in the mouth when food is ingested food is chewed and mixed with saliva to moisten it, as the enzymes in saliva begin to break down carbohydrate (starch). When food is chewed, it composes lubricated, warmer, and easier to swallow and digest. The teeth and mouth works together to convert each bite of food into a bolus that tin readily move into the oesophagus. There is a lining in the mouth known as mucosa which contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. After the bolus is swallowed, it enters the oesophagus where it continues to be warmed and lubricated as it moves toward the stomach.The acidic env urge onment of the stomach and the action of gastric enzymes and pepsin convert the bolus into chime, a liquefied atomic reactor that is squirted from the stomach into the small intestine. Inside the hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa in the stomach, which contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food . Carbohydrates tend to leave the stomach rapidly and enter the small intestine, proteins leave the stomach less rapidly, and fats stayed in that location the longest. The stomach then secretes juice that works to convert food into a thick liquid. These liquid then passes into the small intestine.The conversion of protein into amino acids, fat into fatty acids and starch or carbohydrate into simple sugars is what happens next in the small intestines. The small intestine is the principal site of digestion and absorption. Enzymes and secretions from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself, combine to break down nutrients so that they can be absorbed. The pancreas is a veritable enzyme factory, supplying enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Intestinal cells also supply some enzymes. The wall of the small intestine has gazillions of tiny cells that are known as villi. Inside the hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa in the small intestine which contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. jail cell has legion(predicate) small blood vessels where digested materials are taking in, and plea claverd to the body cell. Materials that are not absorbed move into the larger intestine, where the water and common salinity get absorbed. The hard solid waste goes out via anus.5.1 Describe the structure of the liverThe liver is the largest gland found in the body, and it weighs between 1and 2.3 kg. It is located at the right upper part of the stomach. It has two lobes that is a round body part. Its two blood vessels enter the liver as hepatic inlet vein that comes from the small intestine, and the hepatic arteria that is oxygenated blood from the lungs. The liver has two ducts that unite to form the shared (joint) hepatic ducts that open with the pancreatic duct in the hollow side of the duodenum. The gallbladder is inner liver, it acts as storage for bile, which is form by the liver cells. The right lobe of the liver is larger than the left. The boles allot into many an(prenominal) tiny lobules that are made up of many liver cells. The whole liver structure is permissible with the system of blood capillaries and lymph capillaries. The liver cells do secrete bile that is collected in the bile capillaries, and then join to form bile ducts. The entire bile ducts eventually join to form the main hepatic duct. The main hepatic duct then gives off a branch that is known as cystic duct. The cystic duct goes into the gallbladder. The cystic duct joins hepatic duct while inside the gallbladder. The two ducts continue as the universal bile duct, which joins the pancreatic duct to form a shared duct, which opens into the duodenum (first instalment of small intestine). (Anatomy and physiology,1999).5.2 Describe the role of the liver in dealing with nitrogenous waste and toxins.The liver is give care chemical processing centre which has got many functions and they includes the production of bile, it also produces proteins, and stores glycogen, iron and some vitamins. The liver also removes toxins and waste from the blood and converts them into less abusive substances. It also regulates blood sugar, lipids and amino acids, forms plasma proteins and stores vitamins such as A and D.When the body uses protein, it is tough down into amino acids by the liver. The by product of the used protein is ammonia which is toxin to the body. The liver then uses enzymes to convert this ammonia into urea, which goes into the blood. It is then picked by the kidneys to flow out of the body. Other disposal is through the intestines. Without the help of the liver to convert ammonia into urea, it would build up in the blood which can cause problems.Another factor is the use of drug or alcohol. Again, the liver with the help of digestive enzymes breaks down this substance which is then disposed off by the body. These broken down toxins are eliminated from the body by converting and then exc reted to the bile or blood. Through the duodenum, bile waste substances enter the intestine and eliminates from the body as faeces. Blood waste substances is also filtered from the blood by the kidneys and eliminated from the body as pissing.The liver has to convert fat soluble toxins into water soluble substances that can be excreted from the body. It filters the blood to remove large toxins, synthesizes and gets rid of bile and other fat soluble toxins and live enzymes eliminate unwanted chemicals. The process of disposing of toxins occurs by oxidations and conjugation.Oxidation neutralizes the toxin which go out then be neutralised by conjugation. This process converts a cyanogenetic chemical into a less harmful chemical.Conjugation is the pathway where the liver cells add another substance such as sulphur molecule to a toxic chemical to make it less harmful then excretion.6.1 Describe the gross and ultra structure of the kidneyThe gross structure of the kidney is what we can see with our in the buff eye. It consist of the fibrous condensing meet the kidney, the cortex which is a red/brown colour layer of tissue that is downstairs the abridgement and removed the pyramid and the medulla, which is the inner intimately layer consisting of the renal pyramids. The ultra structure is what we can not see with our naked eye. They are the operable units, the nephrons and the smaller numbers of collecting ducts.The kidney is either of two bean shaped excretory organs that filter waste from the blood. It is located at the dorsal part of the abdomen. The left kidney lies slightly above the right. distri besidesively kidney is supplied with blood by the renal artery and drained by the renal vein. Coming out of the two kidneys are a pair of ureters which conveys urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for temporary storage. The give-up the ghost portion is the urethra which is responsible for sending urine out of the body.The diagram below was lifted fr om (www.ivy-rose.co.uk/human body), proves the gross structure of the kidney.The kidney is reddish brown in colour and has got a deposit of fat on top of it. It can be seen to bring forth a central cavity, the pelvis, while the surrounding mass of tissue is differentiated into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Urine formed in the kidney passes by a pair of ureters, into the bladder where it is stored until released by the urethra.Each kidney contains virtually one million nephrons which can be regarded as the functional unit performing some(prenominal) functions of excretion and homeostasis. At the inner end of the nephron is a spherical structure called the Malpighian body which is located in the cortex. It consists of a cup-shaped Bowmans capsule and a double layer of epithelium, enclosing a small cavity known as capsular space. The capsule then extends into a tube that coils many whiles to form the proximal winding tubule. It then descends into the medulla where it make s a u-turn known as the loop of Henley.The tubule ascends again into the cortex, forming the distal convoluted tubule, which opens into a collecting duct, along with several(prenominal) other nephrons. The collecting ducts converge at the pelvis of the kidney, shedding their confines into the ureter, which carries the urine to the bladder for temporary storage. Entering the narrow opening of each Bowmans capsule is a small arteriole, which breaks up into a network of capillaries, the glomerulus. Leaving the capsule is another arteriole, which subdivides to give a network of capillaries enveloping the convoluted tubule.6.2 Explain the process of filtration in the nephronThe main function of the kidney is to purify the blood which flow through it. It extracts and eliminates all harmful substances and ensures it has the correct composition. This is achieved through the process of filtration, re-absorption and secretion. Because the artery driveing blood into the glomerulus is larger than that carrying blood outside from it, a high pressure is built up within the glomerulus. Under this pressure, filtration occurs. This involves the forcing of substances from the glomerular capillaries through the thin wall of the Bowmans capsule, into the lumen of the tubule. This filtrate consists of water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, salt and urea.The filtrate passes down to the proximal convoluted tubule where considerable re absorption occurs. Over 80% of the glomerular filtrate is absorbed including all the glucose, amino acids, water and vitamins. The process of absorbing the useful metabolites back into the blood stream is known as selective re absorption which involves active transport and passive diffusion. Active transport requires energy (ATP) which is provided by the cells of the tubule. Further waste substances may be added to the tubules by active secretion from the blood capillaries surrounding the tubules.The Henles loop and distal convoluted tubule help to regulate the amount of water in the body. This is achieved by the help of a hormone known as ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) produced by the pituitary gland. The tubule also helps to regulate the pH of the blood, regulating the amount of ions in it.When the osmotic pressure of the blood is very high, more water is absorbed from the urine. This mechanism dilutes the blood and returns its niggardliness to normal. At low osmotic pressure of the blood, very little or no water is absorbed in the convoluted region of the tubule. Low concentration of the blood increases its regulatory activities by forming weak or diluted urine at regular intervals tho laid-off in large quantities to help bring the blood concentration to normal. This regulatory activity is controlled by ADH. Its presence in the blood stream affects the collecting duct thereby regulating the amount of water in the urine.6.3 Explain the methods by which the kidney varies the volume and concentration of urine.The cells of the human body are surrounded by liquid that is remarkably unceasing in its properties. The various metabolic processes that take place in the cells of the body require a never-ending internal environment. Homeostasis is the process that ensures maintenance of this internal environment. Almost all chemical activities in the body system are enzyme controlled and they work better under good condition with respect to pH, temperature and other factors.Whenever the bodys normal temperature is altered and the condition of salt with respect to K*, Na*, C1- ions are not well maintained within the physiological limits, a number of process including nervous transmission are affected.The regulation of the amount of water and mineral salt in the body is controlled by hormones. When the amount of water in the body is low and the body begins to dehydrate, the concentration of salt in the blood increases resulting in an increase in the osmotic concentration of blood. The brain detects this modific ation and nerve impulses are sent to the pituitary gland to stimulate an increase in the production of ADH. This increases the permeability of cells of collecting ducts and they resorb more water which helps to normalise the osmotic condition of the blood.On the other hand, when water in the body system is higher than normal, ADH production stops or reduces. Under this condition, large volumes of water are discharged together with the urine into the external environment, which is known as osmoregulation.REFERENCEKen, Chisholm (2009) grandness of nutrition online easy athttp//www.nutrition.about.com (Accessed 03/01/2010 at 2227)Matt, Ziemian (1982) Human Anatomy food colour Book, unexampled York Dover publication.Ross, Wilson (2006) Anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 10th Ed.Ross, Wilson (1990) Anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone 7th Ed.Thompson, Bnowak (2009) liver detox online useable athttp//www. battalion.cornellcoge.edu (Accessed 02/12/2009 at 08 00) fountain obscure (2009) the digestive system online Available athttp//www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov (Accessed 10/01/2010 at 1815) informant unknown (2010) structure of the kidney online Available athttp//www.ivy-rose.co.uk/humanBody (Accessed 12/01/2010 at 1002)Author unknown (2010) filtration of the kidney online Available athttp//www.purchon.com/biology (Accessed 12/01/10 at 1717)Author unknown (2010) filtration of the nephron online Available athttp//www.health.howstuffworks.com (Accessed 12/10/2010 at 1733)Author unknown (2010) filtration of the nephron online Available athttp//www.nsbn.org/humanphysspace/focus4/ep-urine(Accessed 12/10/2010 at 1747) master copy Ethics Compare And ContrastProfessional Ethics Compare And ContrastProfessionals carry a lot of deterrent example responsibilities to those in the population in customary, and to society. Professionals can act on apprised decisions that the public cannot, because the public lacks the knowledge that the professional has. There are several honest principles that dictate how a professional should act in a business setting. These ethical principles arouse many similarities precisely are ultimately very distinct.Teleology is a Greek word meaning end or purpose. Teleology refers to moral philosophies that results in moral decisions base on the final outcome. A person forecasts at the choices presented to them and weighs all the outcomes and then chooses the consequence that best suits there desires. There are two major teleological philosophies, egoism, and utilitarianism.An swellhead is a person who is only concerned for him/her self. They do eitherthing that they can to further their own needs. This doesnt mean they are evil and greedy. An egoists goals can include getting a better job, a better house, or that stock portfolio they al ways wanted. In regards to ethical decisions, the egoist exit choose the path that leads to their own goals with little to no regard to the other stakeholder s. For the most part an egoist only debates short term, there are some egoists that can think long term. These egoists are called tyro egoists.Another version of the egoist, the enlightened egoist, is able to look further along in time, they are also able to think about other pecks interests when making ethical decisions. An enlightened egoist will console keep there own interests ahead of others. An example of an enlightened egoist would be some one that helps a turtle overlay the street only because that person would sapidity bad if the turtle were to get killed by a car, and also it would help the turtle. In regards to business ethics, the egoist would be someone that tells management of someone else wrong doing against the company tho only if it would utility there position in some way (Ferrell, Freidrich, Ferrell, 2010).The egoist isnt the only one that is concerned with consequences. A utilitarianist concerns themselves with many consequences only when un equivalent egoists they dont do things equitable for themselves. The egoist and utilitarianist are very overmuch plan oriented. They weigh all the outcomes and consequences, and what will happen to the stakeholders. The difference barely is that the utilitarian will try to find the best choice to benefit everyone, while the egoist will of course try to get as much benefit as possible for himself. Utilitarians dont just think about the benefits to humans either. Utilitarians will choose whats best for everything, including plants, animals, and the environment. Dont confuse them for tree snuggling hippies though. If a solution does not benefit all stakeholders a utilitarian will not choose it.DeontologyDeontology is completely different from teleology. real the only thing that they direct in common is that deontology is also a Greek word. Deontology is from the Greek word for ethics, and refers to a focus not on the self like Teleology entirely on others, and others intentions. Deontology teaches that there some things that just should not be done even if it could increase utility. any(prenominal)one that follows deontology would try to convince there boss to give an employee another chance to alter their performance even though it would probably help overall productivity just to fire the person.The basic guiding ethical principle of deontology is that if you are comfortable having everyone see your actions and your rationale for committing this action is suitable to become a universal guiding principle then you are ethically expire in committing that action (Ferrell, Freidrich, Ferrell, 2010). Another example of this would be the taking of social occasion supplies for use at home. If this were a universal ethical standard then companies would be vent out of business because they would be legislateing pie-eyed amounts of money on office supplies. Deontology can also be broken down into two different schools of thought, happen deontology, and act deontology .Rule deontology focuses on a conformity to general moral principals. Basic deontological philosophies use designer and logic to create their rules of behavior. Whistle-blowers are the best example of rule based deontologists, if the whistle-blower is bringing up a complaint that affects the general health and well universe of its employees and customers even if they would suffer the loss of their job or worse.On the other end of the deontological spectrum is the Act deontologists. The act deontologist will fluid use rules and logic but not the currently established ones that the rule deontologists put up created. Those rules are only guidelines to be used to make an ethical well thought out decision. Act deontologist also treat every action differently and as a seperate incident to be unconquerable on its own.There is also some debate on the obligations of deontologists to the law. Some argue that one of the deontological duties is the commerce to obey the law. Otheres argue that any duty to obey the law depends on whether the possesses practical authority (Deontological Ethics, 2003).Relativist PerspectiveThe relativist scene is more of a deliberate of ethical norms and behaviors across the numerous and uncountable market-gardenings of this world. It lovable of follows the ideals of deontology in that it studies the rules of ethics that each conclusion creates. Relativists pride themselves on existence fair and impartial to each cultures ethical norms. Relativists know that ethical decisions are based on cultural norms and therefore there can be no absolute ethical rules. For the most part relativists will draw together to moral and ethical standards of the culture that the relativist is currently in, but will modify these morals and ethical rules as they move from culture to culture.To put this in perspective the relativist perspective can close be used as the job description for an anthropologist. A good example would be polygamy, the radiat ion diagram of which is very acceptable in some societies but frowned upon in most of America (Moral Relativism, 2004).Virtue EthicsVirtue ethics is all about being an ethical person. Virtue ethicists will tell you that they do not follow a set of rules. Their actions are dictated by virtues and these virtues are inherent to your person. Virtue ethicists are also not concerned about the consequences of their actions like the Teleologists, nor do they have to think things through like a utilitarian. A virtue ethicist does whats right because they are a good person. Virtue ethics are not a habit like smoking, it is a persons very nature. These virtues (the rules that drive a virtue ethicist) will oft come into conflict with a persons emotions. The truly virtuous however, are exposed of putting aside their emotions and act without pause.JusticeJustice is a system that is used to evaluate the fairness of different situations. Justice is based on rules, just like the deontologists, but in contrast these rules are scripted and are capable of forcing mass to follow them. There are three types of justice that can be used. There is distributive justice, procedural justice, and reciprocal justice.Distributive justice relates to the guidance of the allocation of benefits and burdens of economic activity. In other words this is what decides who the laws should apply to. Procedural justice relates to the procedures used to produce the outcome, and active justice is used to evaluate communication processes.ConclusionProfessionals have an uncountable number of moral and ethical decisions that they must decide on, and they need guidelines to help them make the best ethical and moral decisions. These guidelines can come from a commodious many sources, and it is ultimately the professionals decision on what to follow. Society in general follows these guidelines, and indeed without these guidelines society could very well fall apart into chaos. atomic number 18 We Dependen t on the Media?Are We Dependent on the Media?Media Are we decorous dependent?Media is all over in society it is almost impossible for hoi crownworkoi to ignore. Media such as goggle box system, film and social media can play a significant role in socialising children, and forming their ideas about the world. This creates a calendar method of birth control where each generations views and ideas become influenced by media and each generation depends upon it for morals and ideas. UK children keep abreast an average of more than two and a half hours of television a day and spend an hour and 50 minutes online a day, a survey suggests. It is estimated that children watch 40,000 television adverts each year. (AAP, 2006) and as children grow, viewing of television increases. Under 6s only watch 2 hours of television whereas 8 18 year olds watch on average 2 extra hours a day. This suggests that people rely more on television as they grow, now this may be because there is more choi ce for them to choose from or that they are in fact becoming dependent upon it.Most forms of media are seducing in many ways, which can make them become addictive because they pop exciting. Advertising people use clever techniques to hook people in and make them want to consume more media use techniques such as repetition of the advertised item, allowing for them to be build awareness and using television adverts, it allows both sight and sound to be used. This allows the advertiser to disguise the repetition by changing how its delivered.An advert for a product called HeadOn is an example of this. (Number 1)viewers dont know what the product does but the name is remembered. There are many other techniques such as association with something well known i.e. a celebrity or song, or a desirable emotion being used. There are also ways such as promotions, bandwagon role everyone else is using it and so should you. A successful advertisement creates a desire in people and allows for a way to fulfil that desire, which makes the reference feel good about doing anything about it.Often we just receive messages from the media and do not question them making it easier for people to forget that everything does not have to be accepted. Media messages have only been one way. Audiences watch and consume them but we do not create or influence the media, however, new content on the internet has changed this such as social networking sites and audiences uploading content online, using sites such as YouTube. Changes have come about because it allows for the audience to interact more with media, instead of just creating it, they allow for thought processes and creativity to flow, people do not just consume the media they are given but they add their spin, allow themselves to show off their opinions, creativity and even make a career out of something they are passionate about. They interact with the media they are looking at.Youtubers make a significant amount of money. Dan H owell aka Danisnotonfire uses YouTube professionally and has a net worth of around 2million. ( electrify, 2015). He is a video intercommunicateger and recently became a radio in the flesh(predicate)ity. He creates many different videos from internet help groups asking his followers to ask him questions to collaborating with other YouTubers such as AmazingPhil Phil Lester. They like to interact with their followers, even having Tumblrs which allow for this. They show peoples fan art and vlog about different subjects.Young people dont sit in front of the TV for hours, they sit in front of a laptop for hours, says Danisnotonfire. Media companies have to lodge or die, like Blockbuster Video. (Conrad Withey, founder of Popshack, 2015)Many YouTube stars have become household names Zoella (8.4m subscribers) has published intravenous feeding best-selling books in six months. Both Danisnotonfire (4.8m subscribers) and AmazingPhil (2.6m subscribers) have also brought out a book and sell out a UK tour. YouTube stars have become one of the few ways to reach younger consumers. A survey by Variety found that the five most influential figures among Americans aged 13-18 were YouTube stars, eclipsing mainstream celebrities including Jennifer Lawrence and Seth Rogen. (Variety, 2015).In the last 15 years media outlets have rapidly increased. In 1988 there were 4 television channels in the UK, now there are over 250. There were 60 radio stations, now almost triple that. There were 14 cinemas, now there are 2000 (Peake, 2002) these changes suggest a wider mould of choice meaning people can spend more time using what is there. Early theories of media results argue that media has a direct case on behaviour. Hypodermic syringe theory (Harold Lasswell, 1920s) sees the media to have an immediate effect on peoples sense modality and actions. For example, violence in movies can produce untrained behaviour which can enable influences on peoples perceptions. This could manipula te and control audiences but most of the research used to support this is from laboratory experiments which is fine but it lacks ecological validity as people behave different in laboratories than in real life. This theory ignores individual differences. Uses and gratification theory challenges this approach. This asks what an audience does for the media instead of vice versa. It is argued that media is there to satisfy certain needs. McQuail et al. (1972) identified four needs that need to be met by watching television, they were escapism, companionship, personal individuality this was to see how clever they were using programs like quizzes and the last need was their need for study.The uses and gratification approach lets the audience choose from the media to satisfy their needs. However, how can we advert audiences needs and how do we know that audiences have a wide range of programs, are they selective? spate are adapting with the engineering science. In 1990, the internet h ad existed for only 7 years and only 3million people had access to it worldwide, of these 73% of were American. In 2008 there were 140 million people alone who have registered Facebook accounts and 40 million people had Bebo (comscore.com) Of these people there were only 22% of adults used them whereas almost double of children aged up until 17 used these sites, show that maybe age has a part to play. According to Ofcom (2011) there were 18.8 million people to have a fixed residential broadband in the UK while the figures continue to rise the UK population in 2011 was 63.2 million so only 30% of the population had it. The usage increases as the range of media increases but it only explains correlation and not causality. This could also suggest that people did not have internet at home but with the rise in other devices that access the internet smart phones and dongles they could be using these instead. 76% of those asked in thinkwithgoogle.coms survey said they accessed the interne t every day from their phones, so the internet usage could be higher. It could be argued that people could be seen to use more media as there is more of it to access, so the average could still be the same. pecks needs are forever changing and they seem to change with the media, as we are predisposed to media from a young age and it increases with age. (Jessica Farrow, 2015)Media colony theory argues that the more dependent an individual is on the media for having their needs met, the more important the media be to that individual, thus there is a vicious cycle. (Sandra globe Rokeach and Melvin Defleur, 1976). This theory is based on the uses and gratification theory which identifies how people use and become dependent upon media. People will use the media for many reasons information and entertainment are just two examples. The media will also have much more influence over the individual if someone is dependent upon the media then it is easy to set an agenda. Agenda-setting theo ry (Max McCombs and Donald Shaw, 1968) describes the ability to influence the immensity of topics on the public agenda. I.e. if a news story is frequently cover then the audience will regard it as more important. For example, the constant televised show of the presidential 2017 election, this is important to everyone but is it only important because we keep getting told of it. The Paris attacks are another example, whilst this is important, there were bombings and attacks in different eastern countries but we were never told of this. Bad news almost constantly dominates the headlines people respond more to negative words than they do to positive.Media is constantly made for a reason and the audience helps that by being a part of the cycle. This approach can be easily measured as it is positivist and it predicts a correlation between media dependence and magnificence the media has. However, each person uses the media differently, so individual differences need to be taken into ac count. This theory does not do this but according to Chaffe and Bergers criteria for scientific theories (1997) this theory is good. It is simple to understand and can be proven false, if a person is not dependent upon media then it will not be of great importance to the individual. This is also a great springboard to further research and helps to head and relate to other media effect theories. It is a good theory but it needs to be expanded using the other theories such as kindly cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) build on uses and gratification theoryT1, it helps expose the stimulus for media consumption.Social cognitive theory explains behaviour in equipment casualty of the reciprocal causation between individuals, environments, and behaviours. This allows to make a more personal relationship between them instead of a much larger picture.cognitive approaches like cultivation theory treats media consumers as passive sponges who file away bits of information. This does not always adequately describe consummation of media. Some people are more involved in certain aspects of medias, like fans of shows or movies. These people are not passive in their approaches but are interpreting material and seeking joyfulnesss such as happiness and escaping their routines. People who are dependent upon media rely upon getting their needs met, so they spend more time using media to get the socialising they need and the needs covered. Each individuals needs is different but this seems to happen from childhood. dependance is a serious problem for everyday life, usage of the internet a large part of mass media helps to fuel peoples addictions. To be classed as an addiction suggests that people are becoming much more dependant and that the use of media can be dangerous especially if it is changing the biology of peoples brains. Media activates the same pleasure centres of the brain as substances like alcohol and drugs. Among these alterations, the most significant is in the un cinate fasciculus which connects the limbic system to the hippocampus, creating a dissymmetry in the frontal lobe of the brain. colony is only possible if the activity is rewarding to the individual. They start to need to media for their own personal needs and become selfish and as it is everywhere it is almost impossible to stop what they are doing. Even if individuals do not have much of a reason to use any form of media, they have to use it because it is necessary to stimulate their brain and release the chemicals needed to feed the addiction. Having behaviour problems such as ADHD and depression can effect this differently, as the brain reacts to different stimulus in ways that a brain would usually do and I will discuss this in my next essay.Using social media can be detrimental to health. We see people doing different things with their life, maybe getting promoted or just a holiday and the mood can change, people can become envious. It makes everyone comparability their live s to others, making people feel like they could be doing better, that they want something. Alison Stevenson wrote a blog on this and she says,For years, Id hear news of a friends success, and my immediate reaction would not be joy for that person. Instead Id think to myself, why didnt that happen to me? Only after the initial wave of self-pity had subsided, would I be able to finally feel genuinely happy for that person I couldnt help but obsess over why my particular path hadnt lead me to the success I saw in other peoples lives. (Alison Stevenson, 2015)T2JF3JF4If a mood can change like that just from using sites such as Facebook, then what is it doing to the mass population who are constantly using it. People seek approval and online media makes that much easier and worse to do. Stevenson admits that stopping using the site helped her ease off on the envy and learn to be happier.Social media also allows people to showcase the best side of their lives. They can show an idealised se lf to the world which allows people to be envious. A poll on Twitter revealed a sentiment of social media fatigue. Jazzi, does not blog so much anymore, hasnt used Instagram in 70 weeks and her response to the poll was her first tweet since 2014. She still maintains all platforms except for Facebook and doesnt interact with others. Stacey, a PA from London, deleted Facebook three years ago when it went rogue and published mystical messages on her public wall. Since she deleted it she has no regrets. (Jane Helpern, Think Pieces, 2015) This goes to show that people do not have regrets from leaving social media and that can make it easier to live a day to day life.T5We consume media but how much is it sensationalised to create more drama and effect. Television does it even documentaries have a habit of adding to it. For example, Nanook of The North (1922) increase issues that continue to this day, there was a jerry-built depiction of Inuit culture, actors were used in place of real people, parts of the Inuits identities were erased and the charter of the eskimos were overlooked. He manipulated the story, changing customs to show his vision. He continued to excerpt issues regarding the natives in favour of supporting his vision (Gray, 1950). A documentary, chronicles the lives of real people. Flaherty, the director, raised controversy with Nanook, because his most serious manipulation of the subject was to pay both his technical assistants and his performers (Nanook of the North, 1996) and establish characters.T6Documentaries seem to show one side, does this make them biased or does that allow for the subject to be talked about? The Rageh Omaar documentary (2016), which duologue about migration and technology, talks about Estonian culture and how the media seems to have hindered the culture they live by but there is also the other side, did the media help create the culture? Documentaries can provoke different feelings, such as socialisation which in turn, l inking up to the Rageh Omaar documentary can be a hinder to everything and make people change in some way. If the culture is aware of the media presence then could it help, maybe creating empathy in people if they are represented truthfully? By using the programme itself to show this, it shows how technology do both. T7JF8Children still use a lot of media today, using items like tablets for games and educational purposes. This changes their development and the way they learn and socialise with each other, many children in the western world use media at such a young age. I will look more into this when I bring through my second essay, also looking at the cultural differences posed and how different media technology is in developing countries and how the rise in technology and the effectuate of this. People get sensitised to the media and they do not always know or realise how much they are taking in. The aim of this study is to establish if society is dependent upon media and wheth er they use too much of it in their everyday lives. What is too much needs to be considered but this will be looked into further in my next essay. To ensure validity I will back it up with theories already made and statistics already found. Media dependency theory will be one of these. As stated media is everywhere so this study will show people use media in all aspects of their lives and they need it fulfil their needs whether psychological or biological.References twine Rokeach, S, and Defleur, M. (1976) A dependency model of mass media effects Communication Research, 3, 3 21.Chron (2017) 5 Most Common Advertising Techniques Online Available At http//smallbusiness.chron.com/5-common-advertising-techniques-15273.html (Accessed seventeenth January 2017)Google (2012) Smartphones and the meshing. Online Available At thinkwithgoogle.com (Accessed 13th October 2016)Halavais, C. Petrick, C. Anker, A et al. (2004 2006) Communication Theory. London eM PublicationsHelpern, J (2015) soc ial media suicide why generation z is going off the grid. I-D Think Pieces Online. Available At https//i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/social-media-suicide-why-generation-z-is-going-off-the-grid (Accessed seventeenth January 2017)Internet World Stats (2013) INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS The Internet Big Picture Online Available At http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (Accessed 28th September 2016)Mass Communication Context (2000) Media colony theory Online Available At http//www.uky.edu/drlane/capstone/mass/dependency.htm (Accessed 14th October 2016)New Media TrendWatch (2013) Usage Patterns and Demographics Online Available At http//www.newmediatrendwatch.com/markets-by-country/18-uk/148-usage-patterns-and-demographics (Accessed fifteenth October 2016)Ofcom (2012) Facts and Figures Online Available At http//media.ofcom.org.uk/facts/ (Accessed 15th October 2016)On Assignment (2016) On Assignment with Rageh Omaar. ITV1, 27th September 2016Pilkington, A and Yeo, A. (2009) Sociology in F ocus for AQA A2 Level. Second Edition East Lothian Scotprint and HaddingtonStevenson, A (2016) Theres an counterpoison for life-envy Online Available At https//www.headspace.com/blog/2016/01/13/how-social-media-is-distracting-you-from-your-goals/ (Accessed 17th January 2017)Tech Addiction (No Date) Internet Addiction Statistics Online Available At http//www.techaddiction.ca/internet_addiction_statistics.html (Accessed 12th December 2016)The Telegraph (2015) Making money from Zoella and Dan Is Not On Fire the start-ups behind the YouTube stars Online Available At http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/technology/11669543/Making-money-from-Zoella-and-Dan-Is-Not-On-Fire-the-start-ups-behind-the-Youtube-stars.html (Accessed 17th January 2017)WorldMapper (No date) Internet Users 1990 Online Available At http//www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=335. (Accessed 15th October 2016)Image ReferencesNumber 1 HeadOn, (2006). HeadOn Advertising, ScreenShot image. Available at https// i.ytimg.com/vi/f_SwD7RveNE/hqdefault.jpg Accessed 17 Jan. 2017Video ReferencesKyleLC (2006). HeadOn. Available At https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_SwD7RveNE (Accessed 17th January 2017).T1You do not always use a capital earn when referring to this theory make sure you are consistent.T2Cut down this quotation to pen word countJF3JF4T5Decrease this section, include only a couple of examples?T6Reduce section on Nanook of the NorthT7ReduceJF8

Globalization And The Impacts Of E Commerce

Globalization And The Impacts Of E CommerceOne of the nigh decisive processes of the last sev epochl decades has been the emergence and organic evolution of the process of planetaryisation. According to the exposition habituated by Andrew Heywood globalisation is the emergence of a complex clear of interconnectedness that means our lives atomic number 18 increasingly shaped by the events that occur, and the decisions that argon made, at a greater distance from us. The central feature of globalization is therefor the geographic distance is of a declining relevance and the territorial boundaries, such as those between nation invokes be becoming less profound1.One of the signifi foott characteristic of globalisation is the Time- space compression. Through the advances in technology, it is easier to communicate and travel internationally and withal that the speed at which these things atomic number 18 accomplished has greatly increased2. This aspect of globalisation ha s a wider uphold on the global work were the advances in technology stand lead to an integration and interconnectedness of the global saving. The pace at which transactions apprise take place has take to an increased global focus on the integration of economies and has direct to the increased involvement of private business actors in the realm of international finance and international markets. Modern technologies bring forth still facilitated a scale and speed of communication that is unprecedented3. The UNDP human development report4explains that the fusion of computing and communications especially through the net has broken the bounds of cost, time and distance launching an era of global development interneting.The profits, digital technologies and the evolution of E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) raised advanced challenges for the bright proportion right holders in the digital world. Materials protected by right of first frequentation and colligate rights con stitute much of the valuable subject matter of ecommerce. This situation has a wide-ranging impact on the right of procure holders beca purpose they permit untried elbow rooms of creating, using, and duplicating works of authorship. In the digital world copies flowerpot be made cheaply and distributed astray by individuals. The secure uprightnesss that were set to press with the problems in the physical world had to deal with the issues in the digital world. To action the same the copyright truths has to undergo drastic changes. In this linguistic circumstance this subject attempts to analyse the evolution of Ecommerce in the background of globalisation and its implications on the right of first publication laws. The paper give as well as focus on the miscellaneous measures take by the national g all overnments to save the infringement of copyright in the digital world. The paper excludes the disputes related to theater names, Patents and Trademarks.EVOLUTION OF E workIn the 1990s the reading technology light-emitting diode to a b be-assed innovation through the commercialization of internet. The limitations of networked carcasss like the cost structure and that related to geographical limits became irrelevant. Old traditions ab break the cost structure and geographic limits of networked systems turn out to be irrelevant and it became easy to form a worldwide system quickly and inexpensively. patronage people seized this opportunity and responded by creating entirely brand- hot types of businesses and fundamentally altering existing businesses. The once limited strategic use of information technology became widespread. Thus impudent names were created to label this conversion electronic commerce ( to a greater extent commonly called ecommerce) and electronic business (eBusiness)5.In the dedicate scenario we fundament see the business world is transitioning from a physical earthly concern establish on atoms to a digital one of bits6.The endpoint commerce is viewed by some as transactions conducted between business partners. therefore, the term eCommerce seems to be fairly narrow to some people. Thus the term eBusiness refers to a broader definition of eCommerce, not just buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions inside an organization.Business-to-business eCommerce is the largest gold cannonball along international commerce has seen for decades. It may be the largest ever Bridging the profound spread head between the way traditional businesses ar run and the way virtual(prenominal) communities forget be built.7The rapid growth of the net income and associated technologies have created a new business purlieu and opened up numerous new possibilities for conducting and managing businesses. Terms such as digital economy, eBusiness, and eCommerce are being use to characterize these developments.8Businesses have be come internet worked eBusiness endeavours. The Internet and Internet-like networks inside the enterprise (intranets), between an enterprise and its trading partners (extranets), and some other(a) types of networks are today the patriarchal information technology infrastructure of many organizations. The Internet is a network of networks. The internet worked eBusiness enterprise enables man shape uprs, business professionals, teams, and workgroups to electronically exchange data and information anywhere in the world with other end users, customers, suppliers, and business partners. Companies and workgroups can consequently collaborate more than than creatively, manage their business operations and resources more effectively, and compete successfully in todays fast-changing global economy9.PRINCIPLES of E COMMERCEOrganization of Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) deals with five broad themes for a better understanding of eCommerce.101. Ecommerce transforms the market place ecommerce is changing the way business is conducted. tralatitious intermediary functions countenance for be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new and far closer relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will change the organization of work new channels of knowledge dissemination and human interactivity in the workplace will be opened with more flexibility and adaptability will be needed, and workers functions and skills will be redefined.2. Ecommerce has a catalytic effect Ecommerce will serve to accelerate and diffuse more widely changes that are already under way in the economy, such as the reform of regulations, the establishment of electronic links between businesses (EDI), the globalization of sparing activity, and the demand for higher-skilled workers. Likewise, many sectorial trends already underway, such as e-banking, impart booking of travel, and one-to-one marketing, are accelerated by ecommerce.3. ECommerce over th e Internet vastly increases interactivity in the economy These linkages now extend down to piddling businesses and households and reach out to the world at large. Access will campaign away from personal computers to cheap and easy-to-use TVs and telephones to devices except to be invented. People will increasingly have the ability to communicate and transact business anywhere, anytime. This will have a profound impact, not the least of which will be the erosion of economic and geographic boundaries.4. Openness is an underlying technical and philosophic tenet of the expansion of ecommerce The widespread adoption of the Internet as a platform for business is due to its non-proprietary standards and open nature as closely as to the huge industry that has evolved to support it. The economic military group that stems from connexion a large network will help to ensure that new standards re of import open. More importantly, openness has emerged as a strategy, with many of the most successful eCommerce ventures granting business partner and consumers unparallel access to their inner workings, abases, and personnel. This has led to a shift in the utilization of consumers, who are increasingly interested as partners in product design and creation. An expectation of openness is building on the part of consumers/citizens, which will cause transformations, for better (e.g. increased transparency, competition) or for worse (e.g. potential invasion of privacy) in the economy and society.5. Ecommerce alters the relative wideness of time Many of the routines that help define the look and feel of the economy and society are a function of time mass output signal is the fastest way of producing at the lowest cost ones community tends to be geographically determined because time is a determinant of proximity. Ecommerce is reducing the sizeableness of time by speeding up production cycles, allowing firms to operate in close coordination and enabling consumers to condu ct transactions around the clock. As the role of time changes, so will the structure of business and social activities, create potentially large impacts.In a nutshell the benefits of Ecommerce are, they offer personalization, high musical note customer service and improved supply-chain management. This features of ecommerce has led to a wide cranial orbit of Intellectual Property transactions, especially the copyright works in the digital world and thus raise the challenges of protection of the same in the digital world.IMPACT of ECOMMERCE on COPYRIGHTCopyright is a juristic term describing rights presumption to creators for their literary and artistic works. The kinds of works covered by copyright include literary works such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers, and computer programs databases films, musical compositions, and choreography artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs and sculpture architecture and advertisements, maps, and technical drawings11. Copyright motivates the creative activity of authors and thereby provides the public with the products of those creators. By granting authors exclusive rights, the public receives the benefit of belles-lettres and music and other creative works that might not otherwise be created or disseminated. Effective copyright protection promotes a new Cyber-marketplace of ideas, expression, and products12.The internet has paved the way for new ways of creating, using and duplicating copyrighted works. Internet and other digital technologies raise new issues for copyright law because they permit new ways of creating, using, and duplicating works of authorship. Copies are made cheap and the distributions of the same are make at a greater pace in the digital world. This creates the major challenge in the accede scenario for copyright holders.In this context it is worth to discuss the implications of globalisation of information and its impact on dexterous space laws. The growth of digital information in the background of globalisation has a wider impact on the domestic and international sharp property regimes. This has led to the standardization of Intellectual Property laws and demand for greater protection. The literature of recent years advocates that these effects on Intellectual Property have positive impact on the intellectual property producing nations and transnational corporations. another(prenominal) argument put forth in this context is that the reign of the state is compromised to unanimous and powerful private entities .It is possible that the prevalence of such belles-lettres in the literature is a response to the movement toward harmonization and stronger intellectual property protections and an attempt to ensure that some of the less heard voices are expressed.13Globalization of intellectual property laws is leading to an erosion of state sovereignty or, at least, profound transformations in our notions of sovereignty14The Internet pose s a bane to copyright laws, especially in the areas of illegal music copying and distribution. The Internet is made up of millions of sites with millions of users potentially viewing those sites daily. It is very easy for users to transfer information from other peoples sites and in many cases this activity is not advantageously monitored. A user with a personal web page may also upload files to the server where the page is located and then allow other users to copy that file, regardless of the fact that it may be copyrighted.15The international character of E commerce raises questions about the nature of traditional legal systems in general, and intellectual property law in particular. They are based on notions of sovereignty and territoriality. The Internet, in contrast, like the movement of weather within the global climate, largely ignores distinctions based on territorial borders. Instead, infrastructure, code and lyric poem have thus far had a greater bearing on the reach of its currents16. For example, the most fundamental issue raised for the fields of copyright is the determination of the scope of protection in the digital environment involving how rights are defined, and what exceptions and limitations are permitted. Other important issues include how rights are holdd and administered in this environment who in the chain of dissemination of infringing material can be held legally responsible for the infringement and questions of jurisdiction and applicable law.The Internet is multi-jurisdictional. Users can access the Internet from almost any place on earth. The singular feature of digitized information is that they travel through various countries and jurisdictions before grasp its final destination. The major legal issue arise in this context is the problem of jurisdiction to adjudicate a dispute at a particular location. Secondly there arises the question of law that can be made available to the disputes and finally the recognition and enfo rcement of judgements in courts in unknown jurisdictions. The economic pressures and the growing international significance of copyright have led to new laws. These new laws are overwhelmingly in furtherance of expanding protection, easier protection, and lasting protection.17There is no standard international copyright law, but an international system exists were a set of norms based on national laws. There exist two different traditions with regard to copyrighted works such as common law and the civil law. Public benefit is the pass focus of copyright systems for which the countries the countries that followed common law tradition. In the civil law tradition copyright works are treated as an authors inherent human rights, or part of ones right of personality. Thus, under this system, the protection of an authors deterrent example rights is as essential as the corresponding protection of his/her economic rights.The plan of copyright itself witnessed a drastic change along wit h the development of technology. In the age of make press copyright was a restriction on the publishers and authors rather than on the readers. Now in the bear context the age of the printing press is coming to an end and the age of the computer networks has taken the way. The computer networks and the transactions in the digital world are now taking us back to a scenario that existed at the age of printing press were anybody who can read can also make a copy of his own.This has directed to a different situation were the there is a drastic change in the working of the copyright laws Copyright law is now no longer an industrial regulation rather it is a draconian restriction on the general public. Earlier the copyright laws were use to restrict the publishers and to protect the authors now in the present scenario copyright laws are used to restrict the public for the sake of publishers.In the present scenario the publishers are vigilant in protecting their copyright and they wish to increase copyright powers to the maximum extent point where they have complete control over the information. The publishers in fact started compelling the national governing bodys for more copyright powers. These situations led to creation of stringent laws were more powers were given to the publishers and freedoms of the public are being taken away to a large extent.The Passing of Digital millenary Copyright Act by the US can be cited in this context. Similar laws were passed in Australia and European countries as well.In order to prevent the infringement of copyright in the digital world various methods have been adopted. Firstly harsh punishments are inflicted on copyright violators. The word hijack was earlier used to refer the publishers who failed to pay the authors, but in the present scenario it is used to refer the public who escapes from the control of the publisher. In the globalised era of information it is observed that the publishers are compelling the governments to amend the copyright laws to give themselves more power. The publishers are purchasing the laws to empower themselves. Secondly the publishers are also toilsome to extend the duration of copyright.So the publishers are purchasing laws to give themselves more power. In addition, theyre also extending the duration of the copyright. This can be assumed from the spoken language delivered by Richard Stallman were he points outThe U.S. Constitution says that copyright must last for a limited time, but the publishers want copyright to last forever. However, get a constitutional amendment would be rather difficult, so they found an easier way that achieves the same result. Every 20 years they retroactively extend copyright by 20 years. So the result is, at any given time, copyright nominally lasts for a certain period and any given copyright will nominally expire someday. But that expiration will never be reached because every copyright will be blanket(a) by 20 years every 20 years t hus no work will ever go into the public realm again. This has been called perpetual copyright on the instalment plan.18The law which was passed in US in the year 1998 that extended the copyright protection for twenty more years was called the Mickey Mouse Copyright Extension Act. One of the main champions of this law was Disney. The copyright of Disney was about to fall in the public domain by the year 2003 and to extend the duration of their copyright they compelled the US government to amend the copyright law. Similar instances can be pointed out from various national copyright legislations across the world.CONCLUSIONIn the current environment it is seen that globalisation is carried out by a number of policies that are done in the name of economic efficiency or free flip-flop treaties. These treaties are drafted in such a way to empower the Business corporates over laws and policies. Theyre not really about free trade. These treaties transfer power to business corporates and t he national governments find themselves in a situation were they affectation protect the interest of their own citizens. In the present scenario it is the foreign companies having more power than citizens of the country.The copyright treaties that were designed in the in the 90s begin to impose copyright throughout the world in more powerful and restrictive way. The distinctive features of these treaties were they are controlled by corporate giants. It is an accepted reality that strong Copyright protection hinders the development of a country. When the US was a growing country, The US failed to recognize foreign copyrights because they were well aware of the fact that it can be an obstacle in their development, but in the present scenario the maturation countries are compelled to amend their copyright laws for empowering the publishers of developed nations and to protect their copyright in the digital world. The US threatens the developing nations to go against their own intere st. In the present scenario it is seen that the existing legal regime for protecting the copyright in the era of digitisation doesnt serve the interest of the public.Developing countries like India are also vigilant in protecting the copyright especially in the feline of softwares. In the recent years, the Indian court shows growing concern and willingness to enforce intellectual property rights. In the 21st century, intellectual property plays an ever more important role on the international stage. The evolution of ecommerce in the context of globalisation had a widespread impact on the Intellectual Property copyrights. There are further digital copyright issues yet to be successfully addressed in the world of ecommerce.

Economic Comparison: Australia and Malawi

Economic Comparison Australia and MalawiDefinition of output levelsThe bill of costlys or services in a given period of time produced by an industry, field or film in the providence we can recollect it as output levels, whether used or consumed for the production. The subject area output conceit in the field of macroeconomics is absolutely necessary. This is not a huge amount of bullion, but to make a country rich is the national output.Australia kitchen-gardeningAustralias economy is mainly dominated by agriculture. Australia is the major producer and exporter of coarse products. Australian agricultural map represents a different commonwealth of different crops big in Australia. It is clearly shown in public figure 1 be embarrassed. Australia more(prenominal) than four hundred thousand people are involved in the agriculture or the jobs which is related to the agriculture. Australian agriculture increased by astir(predicate) 3% of Australias gross domestic production . Australian agriculture contributed about 80% of export earnings until the 1950s. In spite of the record has declined in recent course of studys because of the economic expansion. Australian agriculture contains extensive classification of crops, dairy, cultivation, viticulture, animal husbandry and fisheries. Australias agricultural takes after reasonable exchange methods and is a protrude of agricultural trading nations, Cairns Group. Australias agricultural industries have been very emit subsidiaries or support from the government, but they are stretched out amid uncommon share like dry seasons, saltiness or acridity of soils, and so on.Australias uncomplicated agricultural products are utilized for export and domestic utilization. Terms of area and mass value of wheat and sugar cane to the Australian economy is important cereals. In addition, oilseeds, sunf impoverisheder crops and grain vegetables are widely grown in Australia for human utilization or dairy cattle feed. Australia produces a few cultivation products such as tomatoes, apples, mangoes, oranges, carrots, potatoes, chestnuts and bananas. Wine industry is a booming Australian agriculture, especi eithery Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon assortments. The rich pastures and great climate of Australia provides seemly supply of dairy products. In addition, Australia trades such as fish, abalone, shrimp and lobster seafood.Figure 1 Agriculture in Australia MapMalawi AgricultureAgriculture is the biggest fragmentise of the Malawi economy, helping more than a third of GDP and generates more than 90% of the aggregate export earnings. Malawi has long been reliant on the agricultural segment, some(prenominal) as a leading foreign exchange earner, and for subsistence farming in rural areas. The major exports products such as tobacco, tea and sugar. The agricultural domain includes fisheries and forestry. Tobacco is an immense part of economic and social structures in Malawi. Malawi part in universal tobacco advertises overall, is a constrained one because of the recounting little size of this country. This is plainly demonstrated in the table 1 below. Malawi has a vast share of the worldwide burley tobacco market. Burley tobacco is a brilliant tobacco having a advanced nicotine content and flavour are considered better than legion(predicate) different sorts of tobacco. Malawis climate and soil is particularly suited for the production of burley tobacco. Malawi tobacco crop accounted almost 20% of the worlds burley production because of its high- timbre burley, marketing a higher price than most another(prenominal) sorts of tobacco. It was accepted, and still is by some tobacco in general, especially in Burley, will embolden in the development of Malawi, allowing the rural poor farmers in the production and sale of moderately high esteem crops. Almost the majority of the tobacco produced in Malawi is traded. The greater part of these tobacco exports are obta ined by industrialized countries, specifically the United States and European countries. The domestic consumption of tobacco production is little than 2% in Malawi.CountryTotal Export win fee From TobaccoTobacco Earnings as a % of Total EarningsArgentina12,2351431.2Brazil35,9658042.2Malawi38329376.5Zimbabwe1,23545036.4Turkey14,7153092.1India19,7951630.8Indonesia33,815810.4Thailand32,4731420.4China84,9401410.17Table 1 Tobacco ExportsDEFINITION OF STANDARD OF LIVINGQuality of life and the touchstone of living is the same meaning. Standard of living can be defines as the level of riches, solace, material products and necessities are accessible to a certain financial class in a certain geographic range. For an example, if a person can buy anything he wants means that he is high cadence of living, but a low standard of living person who doesnt have enough water or food to drink and eat. The foreboding for everyday life incorporates elements, for example, pay, prime(a) and accessi bility of business, class divergence, destitution rate, quality and reasonableness of lodging, hours of work needed to buy necessities, terrible household item, intumescence rate, number of excursion days for every year, moderate get to quality social insurance, quality and accessibility of instruction, future, occurrence of malady, expense of merchandise and administrations, foundation, national financial development, pecuniary and political soundness, political and religious opportunity, natural quality, cash dispenser and security.Standard of Living in AustraliaAustralias standard of living is besides high compared to other regions of the world, although there are gaps between citizens. Australia also has a group of Aboriginals who have been for throughout the years underestimated by the European pilgrims. This underestimation has prompted a gigantic distinction between the living models of the Europeans and the indigenous tribes. thither is additionally a critical divergenc e in the living benchmarks of the Australian city inhabitants and the rustic tenants.Australia has a standout amongst the most prosperous economies on the planet. This monetary development is additionally overall reflected in the way of life of individuals. urban communities like Melbourne and Sydney has a diverse and lively way of life. World depone has recognized Australia as one of the wealthiest nations of the world in 1995. In the year 2006 the GDP is $1 trillion. The development of the economy is around 3.3 % for every year. The purchase Power Parity (PPP) of Australia is one of the most noteworthy on the planet. With the high development of Australian economy the nation has kept up a low development rate of swelling and investment. The administration of Australia puts very in the social and wellbeing framework. Australian high living measures and offices are additionally the motivation behind why the nation pulls in such immeasurable every year.The gigantic rate of relocat ion from different nations of the world has change Australia into a blend of different societies. At first it was just the English who had relocated into the nation however after the Second World contend the situation changed essentially. Since 1950 there was migration from all over Europe and later in-migration from Asian nations likewise occurred. The developing economy, the simple way of life and disquiet free migration techniques are the fundamental purposes for this.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development connecter asserts that in the most recent 15 years the development of mind-set for everyday comforts has been wonderful in Australia. Inside a agree of years Australia has surpassed the eight nations and is simply abandoned United States.A countrys standard of living is evaluated mostly by three variables its assets, prosperity of the populace and the quality of life. Australia is the best in health services and educational facilities. The World Healt h Organization likewise affirms this nation for having a low wrongdoing rate than most parts of world.STANDARD OF LIVING IN MALAWINot surprisingly all relies on upon where you mean, standard instead in the rustic regions are much the same as in other Southern Africa nations, generally town domiciled, houses produced using nearby materials, mud blocks, and rotter tops and so on. Around the local area the lodging is all the more regularly mud block or concrete set with grass or iron sheeting as tops. Lilongwe the with child(p) is genuinely created however lingering behind the improvement going leading in other neighbouring nations like Zambia.Malawi is a poor nation regarding pay, numerous individuals live around the destitution line, towns in rustic zones will go on subsistence cultivating, harvests of cassava, corn and tomatoes makes up a substantial piece of the eating regimen, mice are likewise on the menu in Malawi, and are gotten and sell as delicious snacks.Business cult ivating does passageways and tobacco, cotton, peanuts and tea are developed for money crops, principally being sent out to South Africa albeit a momentous part of the cotton goes to Egypt. Malawi has a generally poor therapeutic base so the future is additionally low, that coupled with a high human immunodeficiency virus rate implies the normal future is around 38-40 years.There is some low level revolutionary action in the northern ranges showing itself a bigger number of as groups attempting to auto jack than all else. divers(prenominal) levels or wrongdoing are generally low, other than the common trifling law violations in some more touristy regions.Malawi is undeveloped has side by side(p) to no by the method for industry so subsequently has unemployment issues, modify the destitution. Malawi for all its blames is a wonderful nation and exceptionally different from the swamps to the good countries, the high country levels are cooler and have some raise natural life.

Mental Health And Young People Social Work Essay

moral Health And Young People Social operation EssayWhat is mental wellness with preteen people?Mental health can present itself in many a(prenominal) different way such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. Mental disorders as suggested above may non only occur at propagation that could be a foreseeable reaction to a life ever-changing event such as bereavement (Colman, 2006). A mental disorder is a pattern of mental symptoms that may show a common foundation or identifiable pattern, that testament vetoly affect important areas of functioning or importantly subjoin the risk of death (Colman, 2006).Many different reports break been questivirtuosod for this canvas and they suggest different ages for a childly person therefore, this essay will suggest that a young person is aged between 12 and 18.This essay will concentrate on the aspect of self-harm in young people. Self-harm is an act which consists of deliberate injury or pain being inflicted to ones bear body. Most commonly this takes the form of cutting however, some other forms take burning, scratching, picking, scraping, biting and sometimes pulling hair or eyelashes out. Self-harm is often utilise as a release of emotions that cannot be spoken and can twisting the individual the means to attempt to deal with distress (Babiker et al, 2001).Historical context of use of loving work within the service/fieldTwenty historic intent ago there was an emphasis on word working however, this is not easy to achieve due to organisational cultures and professional language barriers but research does show this to have better outcomes for young people and their families, this concept of joint work has continued through the last two decades (Southall, 2005).Government policy in recent years had supported joint work and also on occasion hardened statutory duty upon agencies to achieve it. These difficulties can be scale by the Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF) 8 states the nee d to adapt to changing contexts and to operate effectively with in multi-agency settings. Within the Standards of Proficiency ( sop) standard 9 depicts the abilities to work with others, including those in a different social occasion. PCF 9 should be have a bun in the oven at as to why these professionals found it difficult to make this inflection as they should be responsible for their own learning and development which could have broken down the barriers between the different professionals.Is there continuity or has the tender work field changed over time, and if so how and over what period?For social workers, procedures changed to this difficult multi agency joint work, this placed higher demands upon the social workers who were not as highly trained as other agencies in mental health issues. Changes were made to the Mental Health Act 1983 in 2007 including Professional utilisations it is broadening the group of practitioners who can take on the functions shortly performed by the approved social worker and responsible medical officer. see to it the ethos of the social work field or service you are presentingThe ideas or ethos of mental health has changed immensely over the past two decades. Mental health is more open to the public as an illness that affects many people and does not make these people a definite holy terror to those around them.Social work has a significant role to suffer in coordinating efforts to support individuals and groups who may often have negative experiences and perceptions of mental health services.Social workers need to maintain a broader social view of mental health problems especially in regard to concerns just about discriminatory practices, civil rights and social justice this aspect is included in the PCF 2,3 and 4.In accordance to the PCF 5 social workers have the noesis, training and grooming that allows them to develop understanding and awareness of issues such as oppression, power and social exclusion and it h as made social workers aware of their own abilities for oppression towards others.What is the service user/ bootrs view about the service you have chosen?What is the role of the social worker in providing the service?What is the role of the social worker in providing the service?Social workers have had a key role of providing an independent view in assessments.Providing critical perspective drawn from a range of social sciences has been paramount to the training of social workers in the mental health services this complies with the PCF of knowledge and SoP 13 which also relates to knowledge and its use.Additional responsibilities will be likely for social workers employed in a mental health trust such as care management and representation of social circumstances in mental health tribunals.Social work do is underpinned to promote social justice and altercate oppression, therefore social workers are in theory well placed to aid other mental health professionals working with service u sers and to join forces on ways of recovery. These roles include the use of all of the PCF along with SoP 9, 11 and 13.How does current policy about the service (adults or children and young people) impact on service delivery?The Childrens Act 1989, suggest that a child is dealed to be at harm if there is impairment of health which includes mental health. The definition of a child in need is one that is unlikely to achieve a reasonable standard of health (mental) without the readiness of services.The Health Act 1999 contains a extensive section on fusion with other authorities which suggests that the NHS will exercise their functions along with other pronouncement bodies and they will co-operate with one another to secure and advance the health and public assistance of people in England and Wales.The flannel paper Modernising Social Services (1998) suggests the fling of the Quality Protects programme will transform the whole of the childrens social services. ameliorate prot ection with eight regional Commissions for Care Standards and working to national standards.The white paper Modernising Health and Social Services-National Priorities Guidance (1998) commits to reducing waiting times for services along with contributing to the development of outreach teams. This paper also wants to increase and improve services for children and adolescents including early intervention and prevention programmes for children.What do you consider might be the future of the service/field?Modern practise