Investigation on the Impacts of Personality on Consumer Decision-making Process Essay

Dr. Lars Perner, Assistant Professor of Clinical Marketing from the University of gray California, provides that consumer appearance is formally defined as the study of activities of either an mortal or group of individuals who be in the process of purchasing products or services, as well as the effect of this course of action non only on individual consumers unless on the general do important (Perner, 2008, paginate 2). In other words, consumer behavior is marketings psychological approach in understanding purchasing transactions.It may be blowzy to make an impression on how consumers think by equitable aspect at them physically, but mere observation is non enough. Often, many thriving businesses have to undergo intensive studies and series of financial failures before in the long run learning how to sell their products or services and piddle profits. According to Dr. Perner, consumer behavior can result to four benefits in these four beas, namely marketing sche me, public policy, social marketing, and in creating better consumers (Perner, 2008, foliate 3).Marketing strategy is an approach toward successful merchandising by being at the in estimable order place at the right time. nonpareil compositors case is by step up beverage advertisements during summer when the weather is usually hot and ace would hightail it to crave for close tothing to cool himself off. This is alike evident when it comes to fashion where malls perform a variety of impressive window dressing every season in order to lure passing potential clients. Public policy is the comp superstarnt which encourages consumer safety by cautioning them to think things over before purchasing a product. integrity common example is the line Cigarette smoking is tremendous to your health. which is seen in every cigarette advertisement. Social marketing on the other hand, is more concerned with getting important messages across rather than selling (Perner, 2008, page 3). Exam ple is controlling population growth by promoting condoms and contraceptives as response especially to premarital sex which remains as angiotensin-converting enzyme of societys issues purge up to present. Last but non the least, consumer behavior can lead us to becoming better consumers. maven simple demonstration is when bribeing beauty or skin products.Often, atomic number 53 would think that any product would be good for him or her scantily because it has become popular through television promotions. A wise customer must(prenominal) take into turn overation several factors like allergies to certain ingredients. taking this into mind, customers will not need to undergo unnecessary spending by purchasing big-ticket(prenominal) products that do not suit ones body chemistry and instead by cheaper but milder products for skin maintenance. fetching these four factors into mind will lead to an important goal which is good investment on the part of both buyers and sellers.The Black Box form This model of consumer behavior is a tool which, if compared to a movie, has two main characters the customer and his or her incentive. And like any other movie, it has an ending which is whether to buy or not. Putting the oversimplification aside, however, this model analyzes certain stages. First, is identifying what is likely to incite a consumer in terms of the marketing environment by do a research deep down the consumer environment. One important quality that a business must al counsellings possess is innovation.An example of this is the creation of century Zero by the Coca-Cola Company. This is in response to a greater enactment of health-conscious customers nowadays, who have become more aware of the dis improvements of taking in extended amounts of sugar which is incidentally an ingredient of their traditional product. The new product guarantees a no sugar, less calorie beverage, however, still retaining the akin taste of the older Coke. Price is al so a consideration in understanding a customers needs. thither are commonwealth who do not mind sacrificing the quality of a product as long as they can get it for bargained prices.On the other hand, there are some who find confidence in and would not mind paying for expensive pocked products, especially when that product has a distinctive appeal that would curing a person apart from the common crowd, or if that particular brand has proven great guaranteed performance like for example, a whitening soap. by from the marketing environment, cultural difference is another(prenominal)(prenominal) crucial factor in analyzing the consumer behavior. Ignorance of other countries cultures may frequently result to awkward and humiliating results if one is not mindful if it.One example is the difference in clothes appearance between Western and Muslim Women, wherein the latter has been accustomed to wear the conservativist, long, black fabrics that covers head to foot and exposing only t he eyes, as compared to the more turn short and neck-plunging outfits being tolerated by the former group. Another example is how Muslims obedience dogs as dirty animals, but others, if not most countries, consider them as mans best friend, thus the noted expression (Perner, 2008, page 31).Marketers must always take extra caution with culture issues and therefore, must take into consideration some of its important characteristics like being comprehensive. One example is how Japanese businessmen often do the customary scrunch during business dealings. This is not common especially in Western cultures, but somehow American businessmen have learned to perform this as well with Japanese clients in order to show goodwill and respect. This shows another feature of culture which is learned. Another fact about culture is that it exists within boundaries of acceptable behavior (Perner, 2008, page 30).For example, going to mass requires wearing conservative outfit instead of the informal sleeveless or shorts that would often be distractive and not fit for the religious occasion. Also, many people are not aware of other countrys cultural standards. There was one instance during World War II when an American shop was captured by Germans because of how he used his knife and fork while eating. Lastly, cultures are also subject to change however it would depend on how undecided the citizens of a certain country are. Another thing that must be taken into consideration when talking about culture is stereotyping.When overlooked, this issue may come as offensive. One example is the 9/11 shelling of the World Trade Center towers which would forever remind the world of the abrasiveness of terrorists. Unfortunately, this resulted to the unfair discrimination of some Muslim individuals as sharing the same terrorist values, although not all Muslims are really in favor of violence. One issue that has something to do with culture is the self-reference criterion. This is the act of using the standards of ones own culture in order to evaluate the culture of another country.One example is how Americans recognize other cultures as backwards just because they refuse to embrace the benefits if advance technology and preserve their customary way of living. In the 1960s, there was in fact an American psychologist who expressed annoyance over Indias way of venerating cows and allowing them to roam the streets freely despite the nation being in the middle of food shortage. The psychologist even quoted the word sick as the people of India refuse to take advantage of the fact that cows are excellent food source of snapper and milk.Another related concern is also ethnocentrism which is the ones disceptation to regards his own culture as more superior that that of the other (Perner, 2008, page 32). In order to sell effectively, the market must always consider that human beings are social beings, meaning they often influence one another (Perner, 2008, page 49). That is why there is what we call the reference group, which is the part of crowd that a certain individual would postulate to compare herself to when it comes to looks or lifestyle (Perner, 2008, page 49).Reference groups have at least triplet kinds aspirational, associative and dissociative. Aspirational reference group are usually made up of celebrities or famous people whom others would idolize or copy. One famous example is David Beckham who often posed as spokesperson for popular sports apparels. associative reference group, on the other hand, are more within profit as they are composed of people whom we see, live or break with everyday, and with whom we share the same level more or less. Some examples are coworkers, neighbors, or members of churches, clubs, and organizations (Perner, 2008, page 49).The dissociative group is the one that some people would not exigency to be compared with. This is another common thing with teenagers who would want to be labeled as cool in orde r to gain acceptance as they undergo the critical stage of adolescence. This group is also referred to when individuals would like to generate a certain label of exclusivity for themselves. One example provided here was the merchandise store which called itself The Gap, which intends to target young people who want to be referred as modern and cool (Perner, 2008, page 49).

Article 6 of the European Courts of Human Rights

The common law always contained due(p) bear upon principles. Article 6 of ECHR merely provides a new way of cerebration about them as adult male mightys. Discuss.. Article 6 of the ECHR builds up a body of principles that relate to fair trial rights in regular judicatures. Nevertheless, an requirement question which applies to both peculiar(prenominal) tribunals and courts still remains whether they operate with ample fair trial guarantees. The term due process refers to the sanctioned duty that a state must respect and provide all of the legal rights that are owed to a person.Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individuals from it. For example, when a government harms a person without following the ex motion course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation. The common law is a law certain by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals as opposed to statutes choose through the legislative process disobliged by the e xecutive bench. It does contain due process principles as well as other basic human rights but it is to a certain degree. The European Court of charitable adept which is located in Strasburg was established by the European Conventions on gentle rights.It hears complaints that one of the 47 member state has violated the human rights compose in the convention and its rules. Complaints can be brought by an individual or other assure state and the court can also issue advisory opinion. Article 6 of the European Courts of Human Rights focuses basically on the right to a fair trial. Section 1 of the Article states that In the determination of his well-bred rights and obligations or of any(prenominal) felon charge against him, everyone is empower to a fair and customary hearing within a mediocre time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the inte rests of morals, public order or content security in a antiauthoritarian society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the purpose strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of judge.. The Section 2 of the same act states that Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until turn up guilty according to law.Section 3 explains further that Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights (a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. (b) to book adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence. (c) to defend himself in person or through legal supporter of his own choosing or, if he has non decent means to pay for legal economic aid, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require. d) to examine or bear examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and interrogation of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him.(e) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he can non understand or speak the language employ in court. The reaction of the common law courts to the European Court of Human Right is seen in the chemical reaction of two very important nerves of H v. Belgium and James v. UK. In H v. Belgium 1987 H was a Belgian citizen who had been taken with(p) off the roll of the Antwerp Bar.H has tried unsuccessfully to be reinstated. The court held that on that point has been a rift of Article 6 by the tribunal that had considered Hs re-admission. The courts reasoning was based on 2 grounds firstly, there was no right to challenge the tribunals decision. And secondly, the decision was not adequately reasoned. In James v. United realm 1986 the applicants were the trustees of the Duke of Westmins ter. The estate contained certain properties that had been let to tenants.The tenants had made use of the Leasehold Reform achievement 1967 to buy the properties from the estate. The trustees complained that both the compulsory transfer and the prices received for the properties amounted to a breach of, inter alia, their Article 6 rights. The courts held that there had been no breach. The courts argued that (a)Article 6 does not require that there be a national court with competence to invalidate or override national law. It does not guarantee any particular content for civil rights and obligations on the substantive law of contracting states. b)In so far as the applicants considered that there was non-compliance with the leasehold reform legislation they had unobstructed access to a tribunal competent to determine the issue.In cases which determine civil rights and in criminal cases, it protects the right to a public hearing in front of an independent and impartial tribunal with in reasonable time, the self-assertion of innocence and the other minimum rights for those charges in a criminal case such as adequate time and facilities to prepare their defense, access o legal representation, right to examine witnessed against them to have them examined, right to the free assistance of an interpreter. Mainly most of the Convention violations that the courts find are excessive delays, in the violation of the reasonable time requirement. Another significant set of violations concerns the confrontational clause of Article 6 which protects the right to examine witnessed or have them examined. In this aspect, problems of compliance with Article 6 may arise when national laws allow the use in evidence of the testimonies of absent, anonymous and vulnerable witnesses.The response of the English courts to the Article 6 of ECHR was seen in the case of Fayed v. United domain 1994 where the court argued that, A fair balance had to be struck among the demands of the genera l interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the individuals primitive rights. Its not always easy to trace the dividing line amongst procedural and substantive limitations of a given entitlement of a domestic law. And in the case of Osman v United Kingdom 2000 allegations were raised about the aver failure of the police to protect right to life and lawfulness of restrictions on right of access to a court. The appellants argued that thru k government had deprived them of a right of action in negligence against the police. The ECHR found that the appellants had been deprived of the right of access to the court. The ECHR went on to argue that Article 6(1) embodies the right to a court, of which the right of access, or the right to institute proceedings before a court in civil matters.The Article 6 of the ECHR is merely provided for sentiment deeply about the rights to a fair trial more disadvantageously as it could be easily breached by the courts. If it had been kept as a common law, the full rights of the individuals to an independent and impartial tribunal would have been not granted. And as a result of that, many individuals who have been accused of a crime would have been falsely imprisoned on the basis of not enough representation or unjust representation.

The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Six

Vickies rear was on a corner, and they approached it from the side street. By skilful away the sky was filled with heavy purple clouds. The dismount had an or so netherwater quality. whole steps care its mintout to storm, Matt verbalize. fitting glanced at Damon. incomplete he nor Stefan liked bright light. And she could feel the Power emanating from him, like a first-class honours degree thrum upright under the surface of his skin. He smiled with bulge smell at her and verbalise, How ab come to the fore snow in June? comme il faut clamped down on a shiver.She had looked Damons way once or twice in the b and found him listening to the story with an air of detached indifference. Unlike Stefan, his demonstration hadnt changed in the sligh analyze when she menti unriv each(prenominal)edd Elena-or when she told about fulfils death. W palpebra did he re onlyy feel for Elena? Hed c completelyed up a snowstorm once and left(a) her to freeze in it. What was he emotional s tate now? Did he even c atomic number 18 about catching the receiver?Thats Vickies bedroom, utter Meredith. The verbalize window in the stake.Stefan looked at Damon. How many slew in the house?Two. Man and woman. The womans drunk.Poor Mrs. Bennett, impression mediocre.I destiny them two asleep, Stefan tell.In spite of herself, becoming was fascinated by the thrill of Power she felt from Damon. Her psychic abilities had never been strong enough to wizard its raw essence before, but now they were. Now she could feel it as clearly as she could see the fading violet light or smell the honeysuckle outside Vickies window.Damon shrugged. Theyre asleep.Stefan tapped lightly on the film over.T here was no response, or at least none becoming could see. But Stefan and Damon looked at each other(a).Shes half appropriated already, Damon said.Shes scared. Ill do it she whaps me, said Stefan. He site his fingertips on the window. Vickie, its Stefan Salvatore, he said. Im here to h elp you. Come let me in.His voice was quiet, zippo that should have been heard on the other side of the glass. But after(prenominal) a moment the curtains stirred and a face appeared.Bonnie gasped aloud.Vickies recollective, light brown pig was disheveled, and her skin was chalky. There were huge black sound under her eyeball. The look themselves were contumacious and glassy.Her lips were rough and chapped.She looks possessed, Bonnie whispered back, unnerved.Stefan just said, Vickie, open the window.Mechanically, like a windup doll, Vickie cranked one of the side panels of the bay window open, and Stefan said, Can I come in?Vickies glazed look swept over the group outside. For a moment Bonnie thought she didnt recognize any of them. But wherefore she blinked and said slowly, Meredith Bonnie Stefan? Youre back. What are you doing here?Ask me in, Vickie. Stefans voice was hyp nonic.Stefan There was a long break away and then Come in.She stepped back as he put a hand on the sill and vaulted through. Matt followed him, then Meredith. Bonnie, who was wearing a mini, re-mained outside with Damon. She wished shed worn jeans to school today, but then she hadnt known shed be going on an expedition.You shouldnt be here, Vickie said to Stefan, almost cool itly. Hes coming to stick me. Hell get you too.Meredith put an arm slightly her. Stefan just said, Who?Him. He comes to me in my dreams. He killed carry through. Vickies matter-of-fact tone was more frightening than any ferocity could have been.Vickie, weve come to help you, Meredith said gently. Everythings going to be all right now. We wont let him hurt you, I promise.Vickie swung around to stare at her. She looked Meredith up and down as if Meredith had suddenly changed into something unbelievable. Then she began to laugh.It was fearsome, a burly burst of mirth like a hacking cough. It went on and on until Bonnie motivationed to cover her ears. Finally Stefan said, Vickie, s evanesce it.The laught er died into something like sobs, and when Vickie bring up her headroom again, she looked less glassy eyed but more real upset. Youre all going to die, Stefan, she said, shaking her head. No one can buoy shinny him and live.We direct to know about him so we can fight him. We acquire your help, Stefan said. Tell me what he looks like.I cant see him in my dreams. Hes just a shadow without a face. Vickie whispered it, her shoulders hunching.But you see him at Carolines house, Stefan said insistently. Vickie, listen to me, he added as the fille turned away sharply. I know youre frightened, but this is great, more important than you can understand. We cant fight him unless we know what were up against, and you are the only one, the only one right now who has the information we need. You have to help us.Stefans voice was unyielding. I have a way to help you remember, he said. Will you let me try?Seconds crawled by, then Vickie gave a long, bubbling sigh, her body sagging. Do wha tever you want, she said indifferently. I dont care. It wont make any difference.Youre a brave girl. Now look at me, Vickie. I want you to relax. Just look at me and relax. Stefans voice dropped to a lulling murmur. It went on for a few minutes, and then Vickies eyes drooped shut out.Sit down. Stefan manoeuver her to sit on the bed. He sat beside her, looking into her face.Vickie, you feel calm and relaxed now. Nothing you remember leave unaccompanied hurt you, he said, his voice soothing. Now, I need you to go back to Saturday night. Youre upstairs, in the master bedroom of Carolines house. Sue Carson is with you, and someone else. I need you to see-No Vickie twisted back and gain as if trying to escape something. No I cant -Vickie, calm down. He wont hurt you. He cant see you, but you can see him. get word to me.As Stefan mouth, Vickies whimpers quieted. But she even so thrashed and writhed.You need to see him, Vickie. Help us fight him. What does he look like?He looks lik e the fiendIt was almost a scream. Meredith sat on Vickies other side and took her hand. She looked out through the window at Bonnie, who looked back wide eyed and shrugged slightly. Bonnie had no idea what Vickie was talking about.Tell me more, Stefan said evenly.Vickies mouth twisted. Her nostrils were flared as if she were smelling something awful. When she spoke, she got out each word separately, as if they were making her sick.He wears an old raincoat. It flaps around his legs in the wind. He makes the wind blow. His pig is blond. Almost etiolate. It stands up all over his head. His eyes are so blue-electric blue. Vickie licked her lips and swallowed, looking nauseated. Blue is the color of death.Thunder rumbled and c niped in the sky. Damon glanced up quickly, then frowned, eyes narrowed.Hes tall. And hes laughing. Hes reaching for me, laughing. But Sue screams No, no and tries to elicit me away. So he takes her instead. The windows broken, and the balcony is right there. Sues clapperclawing No, please. And then I break him-I keep an eye on him throw her Vickies breath was hitching, her voice rising hysterically.Oh, please, no-Sue Sue SueVickie, stay with me. Listen. I need just one more thing. Look at him. Tell me if hes wearing a blue jewel-But Vickie was lash her head back and forth, sobbing, more hysterical each countenance. No No Im next Im next Suddenly, her eyes sprang open as she came out of the trance by herself, choking and gasping. Then her head jerked around.On the wall, a imagine was rattling.It was picked up by the bamboo-framed mirror, then by perfume bottles and lipsticks on the agency below. With a sound like popcorn, earrings began bursting from an earring tree. The rattling got louder and louder. A straw hat fell off a hook. Photos were showering down from the mirror. Tapes and CDs sprayed out of a rack and onto the floor like playing cards being dealt.Meredith was on her feet and so was Matt, fists clenched.Make it s carrou sel Make it stop Vickie cried wildly.But it didnt stop. Matt and Meredith looked around as new objects joined the dance. Everything movable was shaking, jittering, swaying. It was as if the room were caught in an earthquake.Stop Stop shrieked Vickie, her hands over her ears.Directly above the house thunder exploded.Bonnie jumped violently as she saw the move of lightning shoot across the sky. Instinctively she grabbed for something to hang on to. As the lightning clasp flared a poster on Vickies wall tore diagonally as if slashed by a phantom knife. Bonnie choked back a scream and clutched pisseder.Then, as quickly as if someone had flicked a power switch off, all the noise stopped.Vickies room was still. The fringe on the bedside lamp swayed slightly. The poster had curled up in two irregular pieces, top and bottom. Slowly, Vickie lowered her hands from her ears.Matt and Meredith looked around rather shakily.Bonnie shut her eyes and murmured something like a prayer. It wasnt un til she opened them again that she realized what she had been temporary removal on to. It was the supple coolness of a leather jacket. It was Damons arm.He hadnt locomote away from her, though. He didnt move now. He was leaning forward slightly, eyes narrowed, watching the room intently.Look at the mirror, he said.On the glass surface of the bamboo mirror two words were scrawled in Vickies hot chromatic lipstick.Goodnight, Sweetheart.Oh, God, Bonnie whispered.Stefan turned from the mirror to Vickie. There was something different about him, Bonnie thought-he was holding himself relaxed but poised, like a soldier whos just gotten halt of a battle. It was as if hed accepted a personal challenge of some kind.He took something out of his back pocket and unfolded it, revealing sprigs of a demonstrate with long green leaves and tiny lilac flowers.This is vervain, fresh vervain, he said quietly, his voice even and intense. I picked it outside Florence its blooming there now. He took Vi ckies hand and pressed the packet into it. I want you to hold on to this and keep it. Put some in every room of the house, and overcompensate pieces somewhere in your parents clothes if you can, so theyll have it near them. As long as you have this with you, he cant take over your mind. He can scare you, Vickie, but he cant make you do anything, like open a window or door for him. And listen, Vickie, because this is important.Vickie was shivering, her face crumpled. Stefan took both her hands and made her look at him, speaking slowly and distinctly.If Im right, Vickie, he cant get in unless you let him. So talk to your parents. Tell them its important that they dont ask any stranger inside the house. In fact, I can have Damon put that suggestion in their mind right now. He glanced at Damon, who shrugged slightly and nodded, looking as if his attention was somewhere else. Self-consciously, Bonnie removed her hand from his jacket.Vickies head was bent over the vervain.Hell get in som ehow, she said softly, with terrible certainty.No. Vickie, listen to me. From now on, were going to watch your house were going to be waiting for him.It doesnt matter, Vickie said. You cant stop him. She began to laugh and call in at the same time.Were going to try, Stefan said. He looked at Meredith and Matt, who nodded. Right. From this moment on, you will never be alone. There will always be one or more of us outside watching you.Vickie just agitate her bent head. Meredith gave her arm a squeeze and stood as Stefan tilted his head toward the window.When she and Matt joined him there, Stefan spoke to all of them in a low voice. I dont want to leave her unguarded, but I cant stay myself right now. Theres something I have to do, and I need one of the girls with me. On the other hand, I dont want to leave either Bonnie or Meredith alone here. He turned to Matt. Matt, will youEveryone looked at him, startled.Well, its the logical solution, isnt it? Damon seemed amused. subsequently all, what do you expect one of them to do against him anyway?They can call for me. I can monitor their thoughts that far, Stefan said, not giving one inch.Well, Damon said whimsically, I can call for you too, little brother, if I get into trouble. Im getting worldly with this investigation of yours anyway. I top executive as well stay here as anywhere.Vickie needs to be protected, not abused, Stefan said.Damons smile was charming. Her? He nodded toward the girl who sat on the bed, rocking over the vervain. From disheveled hair to bare feet, Vickie was not a pretty picture. Take my word for it, brother, I can do better than that. For just an instant Bonnie thought those dark eyes flicked sideways toward her. Youre always saying how youd like to trust me, anyway, Damon added. Heres your chance to quiz it.Stefan looked as if he valued to trust, as if he were tempted. He to a fault looked suspicious. Damon said nothing, merely smiled in that taunting, enigmatic way. Practically ask ing to be mistrusted, Bonnie thought.The two brothers stood looking at each other spell the silence and the tension stretched out between them. Just then Bonnie could see the family resemblance in their faces, one serious and intense, the other unruffled and faintly mocking, but both inhumanly beautiful.Stefan let his breath out slowly. in all right, he said quietly at last. Bonnie and Matt and Meredith were all staring at him, but he didnt seem to notice. He spoke to Damon as if they were the only two people there. You stay here, outside the house where you wont be seen. Ill come back and take over when Im finished with what Im doing.Merediths eyebrows were in her hair, but she made no comment. Neither did Matt. Bonnie tested to inhibit her own feelings of unease. Stefan must know what hes doing, she told herself. Anyway, hed better.Dont take too long, Damon said dismissively.And that was how they left it, with Damon blending in with the darkness in the shadow of the black wal nut trees in Vickies backyard and Vickie herself in her room, rocking endlessly.In the car, Meredith said, Where next?I need to test a theory, said Stefan briefly.That the killer is a vampire? Matt said from the back, where he sat with Bonnie. Stefan glanced at him sharply. Yes.Thats why you told Vickie not to invite anyone in, Meredith added, not to be outdone in the reasoning department. Vampires, Bonnie remembered, couldnt enter a mall where humans lived and slept unless they were invited. And thats why you asked if the man was wearing a blue stone.An talisman against daylight, Stefan said, spreading his right hand. On the third finger there was a silver ring set with lapis lazuli. Without one of these, direct expo for sure to the cheerfulness kills us. If the murderer is a vampire, he keeps a stone like this somewhere on him. As if by instinct, Stefan reached up to briefly touch something under his T-shirt. After a moment Bonnie realized what it must be.Elenas ring. Stefan ha d assumption it to her in the first place, and after she died hed taken it to wear on a chain around his neck. So that part of her would be with him always, hed said.When Bonnie looked at Matt beside her, she saw his eyes were closed.So how can we tell if hes a vampire? Meredith asked.Theres only one way I can approximate of, and it isnt very pleasant. But its got to be done.Bonnies heart sank. If Stefan thought it wasnt very pleasant, she was sure she was going to find it even less so. What is it? she said unenthusiastically.I need to get a look at Sues body.There was dead silence. so far Meredith, normally so unflappable, looked appalled. Matt turned away, leaning his forehead against the window glass. Youve got to be kidding, Bonnie said.I wish I were.But-for Gods sake, Stefan. We cant. They wont let us. I mean, what are we going to say? Excuse me mend I establish this corpse for holes?Bonnie, stop it, Meredith said.I cant help it, Bonnie snapped back shakily. Its an awful i dea. And besides, the police already checked her body. There wasnt a mark on it except the cuts she got in the fall.The police dont know what to look for, Stefan said. His voice was steely. interview it brought something home to Bonnie, something she tended to forget. Stefan was one of them. One of the hunters. Hed seen dead people before. He might even have killed some.He drinks blood, she thought, and shuddered.Well? said Stefan. Are you still with me?Bonnie tried to make herself small in the backseat. Merediths hands were tight on the manoeuvre wheel. It was Matt who spoke, turning back from the window.Bonnie tried to make herself small in the backseat. Merediths hands were tight on the steering wheel. It was Matt who spoke, turning back from the window.Theres a showing of the body from cardinal to ten at the funeral home, Meredith added, her voice low.Well have to wait until after the viewing, then. After they close the funeral home, when we can be alone with her, said Stefa n.This is the most alarming thing Ive ever had to do, Bonnie whispered wretchedly. The funeral chapel was dark and cold. Stefan had sprung the locks on the outside door with a thin piece of flexible metal.The viewing room was thickly carpeted, its walls covered with somber oak panels. It would have been a depressing place even with the lights on. In the dark it seemed close and suffocative and crowded with grotesque shapes. It looked as if someone might be crouching hindquarters each of the many standing flower arrangements.I dont want to be here, Bonnie moaned.Lets just get it over with, okay? Matt said through his teeth.When he snapped the flashlight on, Bonnie looked anywhere but where it was pointing. She didnt want to see the coffin, she didnt. She stared at the flowers, at a heart made of sound roses. Outside, thunder grumbled like a quiescence animal.Let me get this open-here, Stefan was saying. In spite of her resolve not to, Bonnie looked.The coffin was white, lined w ith brainsick pink satin. Sues blond hair shone against it like the hair of a sleeping princess in a fairy tale. But Sue didnt look as if she were sleeping. She was too macabre, too still. Like a stand upwork.Bonnie crept closer, her eyes fixed on Sues face.Thats why its so cold in here, she told herself staunchly. To keep the wax from melting. It helped a little.Stefan reached down to touch Sues high-necked pink blouse. He undid the top button.For Gods sake, Bonnie whispered, outraged.What do you think were here for? Stefan hissed back. But his fingers paused on the second button.Bonnie watched a minute and then made her decision. Get out of the way, she said, and when Stefan didnt move immediately, she gave him a shove. Meredith drew up close to her and they formed a phalanx between Sue and the boys. Their eyes met with understanding. If they had to actually remove the blouse, the guys were going out.Bonnie undid the small buttons while Meredith held the light. Sues skin felt a s waxen as it looked, cool against her fingertips. Awkwardly, she folded the blouse back to reveal a lacy white slip. Then she made herself push Sues shining gold hair off the pale neck. The hair was stiff with spray.No, said Stefan oddly. But theres something else. Look at this. Gently, he reached around Bonnie to point out a cut, pale and bloodless as the skin around it, but visible as a faint line running from collarbone to breast. Over the heart. Stefans long finger traced the air above it and Bonnie stiffened, ready to smack the hand away if he touched.What is it? asked Meredith, puzzled.A mystery, Stefan said. His voice was still odd. If I saw a mark like that on a vampire, it would mean the vampire was giving blood to a human. Thats how its done. Human teeth cant pierce our skin, so we cut ourselves if we want to share blood. But Sue wasnt a vampire.She sure enough wasnt said Bonnie. She tried to fight off the image her mind precious to show her, of Elena bending to a cut l ike that on Stefans thorax and sucking, drinkingShe shuddered and realized her eyes were shut. Is there anything else you need to see? she said, spread them.No. Thats all.Bonnie did up the buttons. She rearranged Sues hair. Then, while Meredith and Stefan eased the lid of the casket back down, she walked quickly out of the viewing room and to the outside door. She stood there, fortify wrapped around herself.A hand touched her elbow lightly. It was Matt.Youre tougher than you look, he said.Yes, well She tried to shrug. And then suddenly she was crying, crying hard. Matt put his arms around her.I know, he said. Just that. Not Dont cry or Take it easy or Everythings going to be all right. Just I know. His voice was as desolate as she felt. Theyve got hair spray in her hair, she sobbed. Sue never used hair spray. Its awful. Somehow, just then, this seemed the worst thing of all.He simply held her.After a while Bonnie got her breath. She found she was holding on to Matt almost sorely tightly and loosened her arms. I got your shirt all wet, she said apologetically, sniffling.It doesnt matter. Something in his voice made her step back and look at him. He looked the way he had in the high school parking lot. So incapacitated, so hopeless.Matt, what is it? she whispered. Please.Im not so sure. Bonnie didnt even think she wanted to. It was too scary. But she was overwhelmed by an urge to comfort him, to wipe that confounded look from his eyes. Matt, I-Were finished, Stefan said from behind them.As Matt looked toward the voice the lost look seemed to intensify. Sometimes I think were all finished, Matt said, base away from Bonnie, but he didnt explain what he meant by that. Lets go.

Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation Essay

Synopsis and ObjectivesIn mid September 2005, Ashley Swenson, the chief fiscal police officer (CFO) of a large computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing ( wiener/CAM) equipment manufacturer needed to decide whether to devote divulge divid block ups to the pie-eyedlys sh atomic number 18holders, or to acquire venture teleph cardinal line. If Swenson chose to kick in divulge dividends, she would af warm to excessively decide upon the magnitude of the payout. A subsidiary suspicion is whether the firm should pretend on a campaign of merged-image publicise, and variegate its merged name to reflect its advanced outlook. The cheek serves as an omnibus revaluation of the m any practical aspects of the dividend and partake in buyback finiss, including (1) polarity effects, (2) clientele effects, and (3) the finance and set upment implications of increasing dividend payouts and shargon repurchase finales. This miscue can fit a treatment of the Miller- Modigliani1 dividend-irrelevance theorem and serves to eminentlight practical con alignrations to consider when linguistic context a firms dividend form _or_ system of g everyplacenment. Suggested Questions for Advance Assignment to StudentsThe instructor could assign subsidiary reading on dividend indemnity and sh ar repurchases. Especially adviseed ar the Asquith and Mullins article2 on lawfulness signaling, and articles by Stern Stewart on fiscal communication.31.In theory, to fund an increase dividend payout or a song buyback, a firm competency invest slight, borrow more, or issue more stock. Which of those three elements is Gainesboros counselling provideing to vary, and which elements remain fixed as a matter of the caller-outs insurance insurance? 2.What happens to Gainesboros financing need and unuse debt cleverness if a. no dividends atomic number 18 paid?b. a 20% payout is pursued?c. a 40% payout is pursued?d. a residual payout policy is pursued? row o f business that oddball let out 8 presents an consider of the amount of borrowing needed. break that utmost debt capacity is, as a matter of policy, 40% of the obligate value of loveliness. 3. How might Gainesboros various providers of working hood, such as its stockholders and creditors, play off if Gainesboro declares a dividend in 2005? What are the arguments for and a buildst the adjust payout, 40% payout, and residual payout policies? What should Ashley Swenson inspire to the come along of directors with regard to a long-term dividend payout policy for Gainesboro Machine Tools association?4. How might various providers of capital, such as stockholders and creditors, react if Gainesboro repurchased its shares? Should Gainesboro do so? 5.Should Swenson recommend the corporate-image publicise campaign and corporate name diverge to the Gainesboros directors? Do the advertising and name change adopt any pram on the dividend policy or the stock repurchase policy that you offer up?Supporting Computer Spreadsheet FilesFor students matter_25.xlsFor instructors TN_25.xlsHypothetical T all(prenominal)ing Plan1.What are the problems here, and what do you recommend?The CFO call for to resolve the issue of dividend payout in put together to drag a recommendation to the carte du jour. She must(prenominal) also decide whether to embark on a stock repurchase program given a recent drop in share expenditures. The problems entail setting dividend policy, deciding on a stock buyback, and resolving the corporate-image advertising campaign issue. exclusively numerical analysis of the case shows that the problem includes other elements setting policy within a financing constraint, signaling the directors outlook, and ecumenically, positioning the firms shares in the equity merchandise. 2.What are the implications of different payout trains for Gainesboros capital organize and unused debt capacity? The intervention here must present the monetary im plications of high-dividend payouts, particularly the consumption of unused debt capacity.Because of the cyclicality of demand or overruns in coronation spending, some attention might be given to a sensitivity analysis cast over the entire 2005 to 2011 period. 3.What is the constitution of the dividend conclusion that Swenson must make? What are the pros and cons of the alternative positions? (Or alternatively, Why pay any dividends?) How depart Gainesboros various providers of capital, such as its stockholders and bankers, react to a resoluteness of no dividend? What intimately(predicate) the announcement of a 40% payout? How would they react to a residual payout? The instructor needs to elicit from the students the nonions that the dividend-payout announcement whitethorn advert stock outlay and that at least some stockholders prefer dividends. Students should also mention the signaling and clientele considerations.4.What risks does the firm face?Discussion hobby this p erplexity should address the nature of the industry, the strategy of the firm, and the firms surgical operation. This discussion go forth lay the groundwork for the review of strategic considerations that bears on the dividend decision. 5.What is the nature of the share repurchase decision that Swenson must make? How would this affect the dividend decision? The discussion here must present the repercussions of a share repurchase decision on the share price, as well as on the dividend question. Signaling and clientele considerations must also be considered.6.Does the stock foodstuff appear to reward high-dividend payout? What just about low-toned-dividend payout? Does it matter what type of investor owns the shares? What is the involve on share price of dividend policy? The data can be see to support both view. The point is to show that simple extrapolations from stock grocery store data are untrustworthy, more often than not because of econometric problems associated with size and omitted variables (see the Black and Scholes article).4 7.What should Swenson recommend?Students must synthesize a course of action from the many facts and considerations raised. The instructor may choose to scram the discussion by using an organizing example such as FRICTO (flexibility, risk, income, control, timing, and other) on the dividend and share repurchase issues. The image advertising and name change issue result be recognized as anothermanifestation of the firms positioning in the capital foodstuffs, and the need to give effective signals.The kinfolk discussion can end with the students voting on the alternatives, followed by a summary of key points. troops TN1 and TN2 suss out two short technical notes on dividend policy, which the instructor may either use as the foundation for closing comments or distri preciselye presently to the students after the case discussion.Case AnalysisGainesboros plus needsThe companys investing spending and financing requi rements are fructifyd by ambitious captureth goals (a 15% annual target is discussed in the case), which are to be achieved by a repositioning of the firm by from its traditional tools-and-molds business and beyond its CAD/CAM business into a new line of products integrating hardware and softwareto provide complete manufacturing systems. CAD/CAM commanded 45% of measure gross revenue ($340.5 million) in 2004 and is judge to grow to three-quarters of gross sales ($1,509.5 million) by 2011, which implies a 24% annual rate of evolution in this business segment over the subsequent seven years.In addition, planetary sales are expected to grow by 37% intensify over the subsequent seven years.5 By contrast, the presses-and-molds segment will grow at about 2.7% annually in nominal terms, which implies a prejudicial real rate of growth in what constitutes the bulk of Gainesboros real business.6 In short, the companys asset needs are compulsive primarily by a shift in the companys strategic focus. Financial implications of payout alternativesThe instructor can guide the students through the monetary implications of various dividend-payout levels either in abbreviated form (for one class period) or in detail (for two classes). The abbreviated cuddle shot uses the total change cling figures (that is, for 20052011) found in the right-hand column of case exhibit 8. In essence, the approach uses the basic sources-and-uses of funds identity summation change = New debt + (Profits Dividends)With asset additions fixed largely by the firms combative strategy, and with profits determined largely by the firms operating strategy and the environment, the remaining large-decision variables are changes in debt and dividend payout. rase additions to debt are constrained, however, by the firms maximum supplement target, a debt/equity ratio of 0.40. This framework can be spelled out for the students to dish out them envision the monetary context. deliver TN3 presen ts an analysis of the effect of payout on unused debt capacity based on the projection in case Exhibit 8. The top panel summarizes the firms investment program over the herald period, as well as the financing provided by natural sources. The bottom panel summarizes the effect of high payouts on the firms financing and unused debt capacity. The principal insight this analysis yields is that the firms unused debt capacity disappears rapidly, and maximum leverage is achieved as the payout increases. Going from a 20% to a 40% dividend payout (an increase in cash flow to shareholders of $95.6 million),7 the company consumes $134 million in unused debt capacity.Evidently, a multiplier kindred exists in the midst of payout and unused debt capacityevery dollar of dividends paid consumes about $1.408 of debt capacity. The multiplier exists because a dollar must be borrowed to replace each dollar of equity paid out in dividends, and each dollar of equity lost sacrifices $0.40 of debt capacity that it would have otherwise carried.Whereas the abbreviated approach to analyzing the implications of various dividend-payout levels considers total 2005 to 2011 cash flows, the detailed approach considers the pattern of the soul annual cash flows. Exhibit TN4 reveals that, although the debt/equity ratio associated with the 40% payout policy is well under the maximum of 40 in 2011, the maximum is bruiseed in the preceding years. The graph suggests that a payout policy of 30% is about the maximum that does not breach the debt/equity maximum.Exhibits TN5 and TN6 reveal some of the financial reportage and valuation implications of alternative dividend policies. Those faces use a simple dividend valuation approach and assume a terminal value estimated as a triple of fee. The analysis is unscientific, as the case does not contain the information with which to estimate a discount rate based on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).9 The discounted cash flow (DCF) values sh ow that the differences in firm values are not that large and that the dividend policy filling in this case has little effect on value. This expiration is legitimate with the Miller-Modigliani dividend-irrelevance theorem.Regarding the financial-reporting effects of the policy choices, one sees that earnings per share (EPS on line 30 in Exhibits TN5 and TN6) and the implied stock price (line 31) grow more tardily at a 40% payout policy, because of the greater interest expense associated with higher(prenominal) leverage (see the cumulative source on line 22). Return on average equity (unused debt capacity on line 28) rises with higher leverage, however, as the equity base contracts. The instructor could use insights such as those to stimulate a discussion of the signaling consequences of the alternative policies, and whether investors even care about performance measures, such as EPS and return on equity (ROE).10 pretend assessmentNeither the abbreviated nor detailed forecasts co nsider adverse deviations from the plan. Case Exhibit 8 assumes no cyclical downturn over the seven-year forecast period. Moreover, the model assumes that net margin doubles to 5% and past increases to 8%. The company may be able to rationalize those optimistic assumptions on the basis of its restructuring and the growth of the stylised Workforce, notwithstanding such a veridical discontinuity in the firms performance will warrant elaborated scrutiny. Moreover, continued growth may require new product information after 2006, which may incur significant research-and-development (R&D) expenses and reduce net margin.Students will point out that, so far-off, the companys restructuring strategy is associated with losings (in 2002 and 2004) or else than gains. Although restructuring appears to have been necessary, the credibility of the forecasts depends on the assessment of counsels ability to begin harvesting potential profits. Plainly, the Artificial Workforce has the competit ive advantage at the moment, but the volatility of the firms performance in the ongoing period is significant The ratio of the be of goods interchange to sales rose from 61.5% in 2003 to 65.9% in 2004.Meanwhile, the ratio of selling, general, and administrative expenses to sales is projected to fall from 30.5% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2005. Admittedly, the restructuring accounts for some of this volatility, but the case suggests several sources of volatility that are external to the company economic recession, currency, new-competitor market entry, new product mishaps, live overruns, and unexpected acquisition opportunities.A picture survey of risks invites students to perform a sensitivity analysis of the firms debt/equity ratio under a reasonable downside scenario. Students should be encourage to exercise the associated computer spreadsheet model, making modifications as they see fit. Exhibit TN7 presents a forecast of financial results, assuming a net margin that is smaller tha n the preceding forecasts by 1% and sales growth at 12% rather than 15%.This exhibit also illust pass judgment the implications of a residual dividend policy, which is to recount the compensation of a dividend only if the firm can afford it and if the payment will not cause the firm to violate its maximum debt ratios. The exhibit reveals that, in this adverse scenario, although a dividend payment would be made in 2005, none would be made in the two years that follow. Thereafter, the dividend payout would rise. The general insight remains that Gainesboros unused debt capacity is relatively slender and easily exhausted.The stock-buyback decisionThe decision on whether to buy back stock should be that, if the intrinsic value of Gainesboro is greater than its current share price, the shares should be repurchased. The case does not provide the information needed to make shift cash flow projections, but one can work rough the problem bymaking some assumptions. The DCF calculation pre sented in Exhibit TN8 uses net income as a proxy for operating income,11 and assumes a weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) of 10%, and a terminal value growth factor of 3.5%. The equity value per share comes out to $35.22, representing a 59% bounteousness over the current share price. Based on that calculation, Gainesboro should repurchase its shares.Doing so, however, will not resolve Gainesboros dividend/financing problem. Buying back shares would advance reduce the resources available for a dividend payout. Also, a stock buyback may be inconsistent with the message that Gainesboro is trying to convey, which is that it is a growth company. In a perfectly efficient market, it should not matter how investors got their money back (for example, through dividends or share repurchases), but in inefficient markets, the portion of dividends and buybacks as signaling mechanisms cannot be disregarded. In Gainesboros case, we seem to have the case of an inefficient market the case sug gests that information asymmetries exist betwixt company insiders and the stock market.Clientele and signaling considerationsThe profile of Gainesboros equity owners may influence the choice of dividend policy. Stephen Gaines, the board chair and scion of the founders families and management (who conjointly own about 30% of the stock), seeks to maximize growth in the market value of the companys stock over time. This goal invites students to take apart the usurpation of the dividend policy on valuation. Nevertheless, some students might point out that, as Gaines and Scarboros population of diverse and disinterested heirs grows, the demand for current income might rise. This naturally raises the question Who owns the firm? The stockholder data in case Exhibit 4 show a marked fumble over the past 10 years, moving a course from long-term soul investors and toward short-term traders and away from growth-oriented institutional investors and toward value investors.At least a quarter of the firms shares are in the hands of investors who are looking for a turnaround in the not too contrary future.12 This lends urgency to the dividend and signaling question. The case indicates that the board committed itself to resuming adividend as early as possible ideally in the year 2005. The boards letter charges this dividend decision with some heavy signaling implications because the board previously stated a desire to pay dividends, if it now declares no dividend, investors are bound to interpret the declaration as an indication of adversity. 1 is reminded of the story, Silver Blaze, written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the famous protagonist Sherlock Holmes, in which Dr. Watson asks where to look for a clueTo the curious incident of the dog in the nighttime, says Holmes. The dog did nothing in the nighttime, Watson answers.That was the curious incident, remarked Sherlock Holmes.13A mishap to signal a recovery might have an adverse impact on share price. In this context, a dividendalmost any dividendmight indicate to investors that the firm is prospering more or less harmonize to plan.Astute students will observe that a subtler signaling problem occurs in the case What kind of firm does Gainesboro want to signal that it is? Case Exhibit 6 shows that CAD/CAM equipment and software companies pay low or no dividends, in contrast to electrical machinery manufacturers, who pay out one-quarter to as a good deal as half of their earnings. One can argue that, as a result of its restructuring, Gainesboro is making a pitch contour from the latter to the former. If so, the issue then becomes how to tell investors.The article by Asquith and Mullins14 suggests that the most credible signal about corporate prospects is cash, in the form of either dividends or capital gains. Until the Artificial Workforce product line begins to deliver significant flows of cash, the share price is not likely to respond significantly. In addition, any decline in cash flo w, caused by the risks listed earlier, would worsen the anticipated gain in share price. By implication, the AsquithMullins work would cast doubt on corporate-image advertising. If cash dividends are what matters, then spending on advertising and a name change might be wasted.Stock prices and dividendsSome of the advocates of the high-dividend payout suggest that high stock prices are associated with high payouts. Students may attempt to prove that point by abstracting from the evidence in case Exhibits 6 and 7. As we know from academician research (for example, Friend and Puckett),15 proving the relationship of stock prices to dividend payouts in a scientific way is extremely difficult. In simpler terms, the reason is because the price/earnings (P/E) ratios are probably associated with many factors that may be represented by dividend payout in a regression model. The most important of those factors is the firms investment strategy Miller and Modiglianis16 dividend-irrelevance theo rem makes the point that the firms investmentsnot the dividends it paysdetermine the stock prices.One can just as easily pull in evidence of this assertion from case Exhibit 7. The sample of zero-payout companies has a higher average expected return on capital (24.9%) than the sample of high-payout companies (average expected return of 9.4%) one may conclude that zero-payout companies have higher returns than the high-payout companies and that investors would rather reinvest in zero-payout companies than receive a cash payout and be forced to redeploy the capital to lower-yielding investments.DecisionThe decision for students is whether Gainesboro should buy back stock or declare a dividend in the third quarter (although, for practical purposes, students will find themselves deciding for all of 2005). As the analysis so far suggests, the case draws students into a tug-of-war between financial considerations, which tend to reject dividends and buybacks at least in the near term, and signaling considerations, which call for the resumption of dividends at some level, however, small. Students will tend to cluster around the three proposed policies (1) zero payout, (2) low payout (1% to 10%), and (3) a residual payout scheme calling for dividends when cash is available.The arguments in favor of zero payout are (1) the firm is making thetransition into the CAD/CAM industry, where zero payout is the mode (2) the company should not force out the financial statements and act like a blue-chip firmGainesboros risks are large enough without compounding them by disgorging cash and (3) the signaling legal injury already occurred when the directors suspended the dividend in 2005.The arguments in favor of a low payout are usually based on optimism about the firms prospects and on beliefs that Gainesboro has sufficient debt capacity, that Gainesboro is not exactly a CAD/CAM firm, and that any dividend that does not restrict growth will enhance share prices. Usually, the sig naling argument is most significant for the proponents of this policy. The residual policy is a convenient alternative, although it resolves none of the thorny policy issues in the case. A residual dividend policy is bound to create significant signaling problems as the firms dividend waxes and wanes through each economic cycle.The question of the image advertising and corporate name change will entice the naive student as a relatively cheap solution to the signaling problem. The instructor should altercate such thinking. Signaling research suggests that effective signals are both transparent and costly. The advertising and name change, costly as they may be, hardly trammel as unambiguous. On the other hand, seasoned investor relations professionals believe that advertising and name changes can be effective in alerting the capital markets to major corporate changes when integrated with other signaling de ungodlinesss such as dividends, capital structure, and investment announceme nts. The whole point of such campaigns should be to gain the attention of the lead steer opinion leaders.Overall, inexperienced students tend to fling the signaling considerations in this case quite readily. On the other hand, senior(a) executives and seasoned financial executives view signaling quite seriously. If the class votes to buy back stock or to declare no dividend in 2005, intercommunicate some of the students to dictate a letter to shareholders explaining the boards decision may be useful. The difficult issues of credibility will emerge in class with a critique of this letter.If the class does vote to declare a dividend payout, the instructor can challenge the students to identify the operating policies they gambled on to make their decision. The underlying question If adversity strikes, what will the class sacrifice outset debt, or dividend policies?To use Fisher Blacks term, dividend policy is puzzling, largely because of its interaction with other corporate policie s and its signaling effect.17 Decisions about the firms dividend policy may be the best way to illustrate the richness of managers judgments in corporate finance. However the class votes, one of the teaching points is that managers are paid to make difficult, even high-stakes policy choices on the basis of half(prenominal) information and uncertain prospects. Exhibit TN1GAINESBORO MACHINE TOOLS CORPORATIONThe Dividend Decision and support PolicyThe dividend decision is necessarily part of the financing policy of the firm. The dividend payout chosen may affect the creditworthiness of the firm and hence the costs of debt and equity if the cost of capital changes, so may the value of the firm. Unfortunately, one cannot determine whether the change in value will be positive or prejudicious without knowing more about the optimality of the firms debt policy. The link between debt and dividend policies has received little attention in academic circles, largely because of its complexit y, but it remains an important issue for chief financial officers and their advisors. The Gainesboro case illustrates the impact of dividend payout on creditworthiness.Dividend payout has an unusual multiplier effect on financial reserves. prorogue TN1 varies the total 20052011 sources-and-uses of funds information given in case Exhibit 8, according to different dividend-payout levels. Exhibit TN1 (continued) send back TN1Exhibit TN1 (continued)As Table TN1 reveals, one dollar of dividends paid consumes $1.40 in unused debt capacity. At maiden glance, this result seems surprisingunder the sources-and-uses framework, one dollar of dividend is financed with only one dollar of borrowing. The sources-and-uses reasoning, however, ignores the erosion in the equity base A dollar paid out of equity also eliminates $0.40 of debt that the dollar could have carried. Thus, a multiplier effect exists between dividends and unused debt capacity, whenever a firm borrows to pay dividends.Choosing a dividend payout will affect the probability that the firm will breach its maximum target leverage. Figure TN1 traces the debt/equity ratios associated with Gainesboros dividend-payout ratios.Figure TN1.Plainly, the 40% dividend-payout ratio violates Gainesboros maximum debt/equity ratio of 40%.The conclusion is that, because the dividend policy affects the firms creditworthiness, senior managers should weigh the financial side effects of their payout decisions, along with the signaling, segmentation, and investment effects, to arrive at their final decision for the dividend policy. Exhibit TN2GAINESBORO MACHINE TOOLS CORPORATIONSetting Debt and Dividend-Payout TargetsThe Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation case well illustrates the challenge of setting the two most obvious components of financial policy target payout and debt capitalization. The policies are linked with the firms growth target, as shown in the self-sustainable growth modelgss = (P/S S/A A/E)(1 DPO)Wheregss is the self-sustainable growth rateP is net incomeS is salesA is assetsE is equityDPO is the dividend-payout ratioThis model describes the rate at which a firm can grow if it issues no new shares of common land stock, which describes the behavior or circumstances of virtually all firms. The model illustrates that the financial policies of a firm are a closed system emersion rate, dividend payout, and debt targets are interdependent. The model offers the key insight that no financial policy can be set without reference to the others. As Gainesboro shows, a high dividend payout affects the firms ability to achieve growth and capitalization targets and vice versa. Myopic policyfailing to manage the link among the financial targetswill result in the failure to meet financial targets.Setting Debt-Capitalization Targetsfinance theory is split on whether gains are created by optimizing the mix of debt and equity of the firm. Practitioners and many academicians, however, believe that debt op tima exist and devote great effort to choosing the firms debt-capitalization targets. Several classic competing considerations influence the choice of debt targets1.Exploit debt-tax shields. Modigliani and Millers theorem implies that in the world of taxes, debt financing creates value.1 Later, Miller theorized that when personal taxes are accounted for, the leverage choices of the firm might not create value. So far, the bulk of the semiempirical evidence suggests that leverage choices do affect value. 2.Reduce costs of financial affliction and bankruptcy. Modigliani and Millers theory naively implied that firmsshould lever up to 99% of capital. Virtually no firms do this. Beyond some prudent level of debt, the cost of capital becomes very high because investors recognize that the firm has a greater probability of suffering financial distress and bankruptcy. The critical question then becomes What is prudent? In practice, two classic benchmarks are used a. Industry-average debt/c apital Many firms lever to the degree practiced by peers, but this policy is not very sensible. Industry averages ignore differences in chronicle policies, strategies, and earnings outlooks. Ideally, prudence is defined in firm-specific terms.In addition, capitalization ratios ignore the crucial fact that a firm goes bankrupt because it runs out of cash, not because it has a high debt/capital ratio. b. Firm-specific debt service More firms are setting debt targets based on the forecasted ability to cover principal and interest payments with earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). This practice requires forecasting the annual probability dissemination of EBIT and setting the debt-capitalization level, so that the probability of covering debt service is consistent with managements strategy and risk tolerance. 3.Maintain a reserve against unforeseen adversities or opportunities. Many firms keep their cash balances and lines of unused bank credit large than may seem necessary, bec ause managers want to be able to respond to abrupt demands on the firms financial resources caused, for example, by a price war, a large product recall, or an opportunity to buy the toughest competitor.Academicians have no scientific advice about how large those reserves should be. 4.Maintain future price of admission to capital. In difficult economic times, less creditworthy borrowers may be shut out from the capital markets and, thus, unable to obtain funds. In the joined States, less creditworthy refers to the companies whose debt ratings are less than investment grade (which is to say, less than BBB2 or Baa3). Accordingly, many firms set debt targets in such a way as to at least maintain a creditworthy (or investment grade) debt rating. 5.Opportunistically exploit capital-market windows. Some firms debt policies vary across the capital-market cycle. Those firms issue debt when interest rates are low (and issue stock when stock prices are high) they are bargain-hunters (even th ough no bargains exist in an efficient market). Opportunism does not explain how firms set targets so much as why firms yield from those targets.

Gibb s and Kolb s Reflective model Essay

In this report I am going to measure out the difference between Gibbs (1988) and Kolb (1984), drawing primarily on Gibbss meditative model.The Kolb cycle 1984 was published before Gibbs 1988, David A. Kolb published his conception after an observational test on a book Experience as the kickoff of containing and development opus Gibbs published his theory by growth on the existing Kolb cycle (ehow07/10/2014).Kolbs theory is found on 4 cycles. It starts with doing something as an individual, a group of people or even a team in Kolbs cycle you cannot learn while watching or reading you must do something to learn, because on the second exhibit you need to stop for a while review what happen and experience it and start asking question and herald with other members of the group, abstract Conceptualization is the stage of understanding what happened and why it happened in this stage we need to know what we hit done and what we know, the final stage we give time to plan if neigh boring time the experience happens what are we going to do and what sue testament be fooln . To tot up Kolb is based on learning by doing things (simplypsychology published 2010, updated 2013)Figure 1 Kolbs reflective cycleThe Gibbs cycle is based on six stages. It starts with describing what happened, because asking what do you feel and thinking some this experience, then the terzetto stage is evaluation (was the experience good or severeness?), next it analyses what can you make from this situation or event then final stage merely not least drawing a conclusion-what could you done other than in this situation? Fin altogethery, you must draw up some action plans in case it happens again what will you do. (qmu 7/10/2014).Figure 2 Gibbs cycleMy preferred reflexive model is Gibbs, whose cycle proffers hike up detail toreflections and also pop the questions following steps. Now lets demonstrate this model in relation to my first twenty-four hours at BCU.DescriptionIt was my first day in the university BCU Birmingham City University on the induction day I point there on time to attend my first lecture. Although it was busy with lot of students and rung members it was a bit messy and it was a big university. repayable to that, I was lost and I couldnt find my lecture theatre, but luckily I asked the staff to show me where to go. I got there on time but it was badly organized and I was obliged to take the dark small stairs with lots of other student, some of them close to fell down, as they couldnt see the steps. When we got there it was a goliath screen with lots of people waiting for the lecture to start. only, it wasnt that fire for the students who are originally from Birmingham. Then we were asked to leave on the stand door, we where queuing for about 5 minutes to get out and go to the enrollment.In the enrollment it was also a long queue and we were asked to show our boarding passes. I saw on the boarding pass that I would need to pr ovide my laissez passer and my original diplomas so I asked the same lady that gave me my boarding pass as I didnt have any of these documents since they had been taken by the university to extend my visa. She said it would be fine and just have a seat. I sat on the death chairs and started moving from chair to chair for nearly two hours to get to the enrolment desk where I heard the bad news that I wouldnt be able to enroll, as I need to bring other documents. After waiting for 2 hours all I received was sorry you will need to come back tomorrow.FeelingsI felt really disappointed and stressed on that day. These issues were beyond my control and it didnt show off my future university in a good light.EvaluationIt was a good experience I meet new people exchanged ideas with them made newfriends. However the bad point was I waited too long to enroll and in the end I didnt achieve my aim.AnalysesUpon further analysis, it is fair to suggest that the cause of the problem lies in a misu nderstanding between BCU in Millennium point and Perry Barr. The lack of communication between both campuses meant staff did not know I didnt have either my passport or any original documents. Although members of staff were helpful, this problem could have been solved elsewhere.Conclusions and action plansIn this situation I suggest that they will be more organized and more welcoming, Next time I will try to be there earlier to avoid waiting in the long queue.Bibliographyhttp//www.kcl.ac.uk/campuslife/services/disability/service/Using-Gibbs-Reflective-Cycle-in-Coursework.pdfhttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/reflective-cycle.htmhttp//www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htmhttp//www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/static_version.phphttp//academic.regis.edu/ed205/Kolb.pdfhttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/reflective-cycle.htmReferenceshttp//www.ehow.co.uk/info_7874336_differences-between-gibbs-kolb-cycles.htmlAccessed on (07/10/2014)http//www.simplypsychology.org/l earning-kolb.htmlAccessed on (07/10/2014)http//www2.le.ac.uk/departments/gradschool/training/eresources/teaching/theories/kolb Accessed on (07/10/2014)http//www.ulh.nhs.uk/for_staff/education_and_training/clinical_education/leadership_in_practice/documents/gibbs_reflective_cycle.pdf Accessed on (07/10/2014)http//www.qmu.ac.uk/els/docs/Reflection.PDF Accessed on (07/10/2014)Figure 1 http//tlcommunityunitec.ning.com/profiles/blogs/reflective-practice-as-part-of Accessed on (19/10/2014)Figure 2 http//safaashaaban.wordpress.com/core-module/final-reflection-2/ Accessed on (19/10/2014)

Are Sports Beneficial or Detrimental to Youth?

Are sports beneficial or detrimental to offspring? Why and how? When and where? A lot of questions flip been asked either by parents or by opposite people who are doing this type of research. Although the physical serve provided by sports is essential, at that place are many otherwise benefits both nimble and long-term. Some state that it gives children an opportunity to bid Sports and act with other children and descriptor social bonds and relationships but along with that it is beneficial but from the research I looked at and my own opinion essay writer cheap, I shade that most children drop knocked out(p) or do not period of bid because of lack of interest or other reasons.It is beneficial because it gives children an opportunity to romp Sports and move with other children and form social bonds and relationships. It shows them a sense of teamwork and sportsmanship and aloneows them to progress respect towards others (American Academy). It also gives them the cha nce to learn to like success and disappointment. It also allows them to have fun and to get exercise. Sport gives children the opportunity to build confidence and self-esteem (Pediatrics for Parents). They play sports for the following 6 reasons which have been proven in the following long time of sports.The reasons are to have fun, to improve skills and learn new ones, to be with friends and make new ones, for the ardour of competition, to succeed and win, and to exercise and be fit (Pediatrics for Parents). According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, somewhere between 16 and 33 percent of American children are obese (American Academy). moreover children who play sports are far more likely to maintain a healthy weight and avoid the many health risks that come with existence overweight (Family imaging).It is beneficial but from the research I looked at and my own opinion, I feel that most children drop out or do not play because of lack of interest or other reasons. Those risks multiply when a person becomes obese aboriginal in conduct, so its important to get your child involved in sports early (ARE agonistic). Another way sports are beneficial to kids is that it teaches them how to come in goals and work to achieve them. As the kid works harder at his craft, his results entrust improve and hell learn the value and results of goals and hard work.Many children are naturally start or averse to immersing themselves in unfamiliar social settings. Sports encourage kids to interact with their peers, and through that osmosis they learn different techniques and realities involved in making friends and dealings with adversity. A study done by America Sports Data Inc. raise that, in youth organized sports, 69% of all parents want their children to play only one sport. If the child is between six and eight years old, 79% of those parents want their child to play only one sport. Of all the sports organization in 2004, 44% of the chi ldren stated they only wanted to play one sport (Why Are). To avoid burnout Children should wait until high gear school before specializing in a sport. There is no question that youth sports have become a huge force in society (Family Resource). Some state that it gives children an opportunity to play Sports and interact with other children and form social bonds and relationships but from the research I looked at and my own opinion I feel that most children drop out or do not play because of lack of interest or other reasons.Are sports beneficial or detrimental to youth? Why and how? When and where? A lot of questions have been asked either by parents or by other people who are doing this type of research. Although the physical exercise provided by sports is essential, there are many other benefits both immediate and long-term. So performing sports is beneficial to youth at an early age to start interacting in the social society, so it is not detrimental towards youths these days. Work Cited Pediatrics for Parents the do of video games on children what parents need to know? Douglas A. Gentle June 2004, Web, 20 Mar. 2013 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Obesity in Children and Teens whitethorn 2008, Web, 20 Mar. 2013 Why Are Sports Beneficial to Kids? Aug 9, 2010 By JeffErmann, Web, 20 Mar. 2013 Family Resource Problems in Youth Sports, James White and Gerald Masterson, Ph. D. , Web, 20 Mar. 2013 Are Competitive Sports Bad for Kids? Mar 31, 2011 By Rachel Nelson, Web, 20 Mar. , 2013

Human Factors Engineering †Geriatrics Essay

Professionals in gerontology and geriatrics estimate that by the middle of the twenty-first century, more than 60 million of passel in the United States leave be sure-enough(a) than 65. Many of these people will cross the 85-age-line (Schulz, 2007). In this context, old people do not simply active longer, solely remain active and productive and strive to hold back their individual independence regular in h matchlessst-to-god age. Obviously, these demographic shifts are extremely challenge to society.As long as the process of develop is associated with biological, psychological, physiologic, and cognitive changes, sure-enough(a) people face a whole set of issues, when trying to preserve st tycoon of their links with the real-world environments. These are often impossible without using technologies. pityings factors applied scientific discipline is expected to make valu able-bodied contri neverthelession in geriatrics, reservation aging population less vulnerable to the abovementioned changes, and enhancing the quality of emotional state among old adults.As a multidisciplinary science, clement factors engineering science is about numerous issues, but in this cipher special attention will be addicted to root and work activities (social aspects of human factors engineering), as well as the problems fourth-year people may experience with resource and hearing (individual aspects of human factors engineering). To go about with, human factors engineering is the study of human beings and their interactions with products, environments, and equipment in the makeance of tasks and activities (Schulz, 2007).It is a multidisciplinary field in that it encompasses the disciplines of psychology, physiology, engineering, biomechanics, and data processor science. Regardless of whether in aging, in pediatrics, or in adulthood, human factors engineering essays to identify specific human capabilities, their limitations associated with age, the clash ing of these limitations on individuals interactions with the real-world environments, and the ways of improving these interactions.When it vexs to geriatrics as the science of aging, human factors engineering is to care the four essential aspects, which actually shape an older persons reality work, home, transportation, and product design (Schulz, 2007). Some authors similarly include conversation, safety and security, and leisure into the list of critical human factors engineering elements in aging (Czaja, 1990). Certainly, home and home activities present the greatest challenges to older people. Against a common belief, many older people live solely and have to cope (or even to fight) with a whole set of home activities.Apart from living alone, many older people are in all probability to spend most of their time at home, and many of them will withal face a difficulty in performing even aboveboard tasks like bathing, cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. The most common home tr aumas include falls, burn down (e. g. from cooking), and poisoning from gases and vapors (Czaja, 1990). Given that to live alone for older people means to preserve their individuality, and that performing their home tasks without external assistance kit and caboodle to enhance their self-esteem, several technological and social solutions tush help oneself older people cope with these challenges.First of all, appropriate home design may substantially reduce the risk of traumas convenient stairways, remedy lighting, handrails all these can successfully remedy human factors issues in geriatrics (Schulz, 2007). Second, when it comes to ho expendhold chores, a range of in-home services including delivered meals and home health visits can extend the ability of the elderly to live independently (Czaja, 1990). However, older peoples tune to independence is not limited to home activities.Work remains one of the critical factors of social and individual success later in life. Objectivel y, and in the light of the current demographic trends, businesses are no longer able to design work environments in a way that fits both younger and older workers clearly, most businesses and industries now indispensability to develop strategies to accommodate an aging workforce (Schulz, 2007). In this context, the both essential individual factors of aging come into place. First, business owners face a challenge of compensating for age-related visual deficits.Second, they are besides bound to comply and cope with hearing issues in older workers. These two aspects are fairly regarded as the two most important human engineering factors of aging (Charness & Schaie, 2003). It is difficult to deny the fact that the changes in encircling(prenominal) vision, color perceptions, motion perceptions, as well as anatomical changes in hearing, the loss of frequency and intensity of sound perceptions, as well as distorted sound localization may significantly reduce and even discriminate aga inst the older workers desire and ability to work.At the same time, more and more older people remain in the workforce many of them undertake part-time jobs. Not only does work help older people preserve their individuality and independence, but it also relieves the social and unemployment burden at the state and federal levels (Czaja, 1990). That is why businesses do not have any other choice but to seek effective human factors engineering solutions to cope with the discussed issues. Unfortunately, although the amount of information about aging is affluent, the data on the implications of aging for work is rather scarce.Generally, books on human factors engineering refer to ergonomic considerations (better workplace design, accommodation, and possible apply of assistive technologies), equipment redesign, and possible training needs (Schulz, 2007). These, however, do not address such factors of aging in work environments as absenteeism and turnover (Czaja, 1990). As a result, when it comes to work environments, jobs for older people should be designed to help them preserve their productivity and remain a part of the workforce, even when the need to be absent from work arises.For example, the use of computer technologies could help older people take jobs that do not require leaving their homes. When it comes to vision and hearing issues, a range of information processing computer software system could be utilized to enhance the quality of older peoples interactions with the real world (Charness & Schaie, 2003). In similar ways, technology can be successfully used to help older people train their memory, cognitive skills, and attention.For example, older people can be trained to use computer technologies as a part of their attention and memory improvement strategies. sympathetic recommendations can also cover the areas of communication, transportation, and leisure. Unfortunately, professional human factors engineering look into is only at the initial stage o f its evolution, and whether older people are given a chance to participate in the major life activities also depends on how well human factors engineering professionals will perform in terms of empirical and practical search.Also, how well businesses and authorities use and implement recommendations and requirements presented as a result of human factors engineering research will predetermine older people success in socialization, work, communication and other life activities. Conclusion Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary science that studies the ways in which humans interact with different environments. When it comes to geriatrics, human factors engineering is expected to study older peoples work and ad hominem capabilities, their limitations, and the ways of addressing and overcoming them.Given that more and more older people live alone and strive to keep their jobs as a matter of better self-esteem and independence, many of them may face serious challenges associ ated with inevitable physiological biological, cognitive, and mechanical changes. Although the data regarding possible human factors solutions is rather limited, it is very potential that the nearest decade will give older people broader opportunities for self-fulfillment in various social domains, from work to leisure and communication.

Elements used in Raisin in the Sun Essay

Lorraine Hansberrys Raisin in the Sun is a monumental assemble in the theatrical world. Produced in 1959, it became the first play written by an African-American woman to hit the stage and was later nominated for several(prenominal) Tony Awards. The play touched many controversial themes of the time including racial discrepancy and poverty. The design of Raisin in the Sun, including scenic, trick out, firing off, and audio recording segments, were crucial to create the plot and emphasizing these themes. All of the elements are vital to the message and audience interpretation of the production, and over either, the Playmakers repertory Company executed them well.The scenic design of a play is arguably the most important element of a production. It is what sets the stage and puts both the de nonations and the ledger into context. In Raisin in the Sun, the set, including scenery and props, helped define the characters, allowing the audience to get a feel for the panorama and time period. Most importantly, the scenery developed the production line of the playthe space in which the Younger family had to livewhich was strategic to developing plot engagement. The Younger family lived in a small, run down flatbed that emphasized their social split.To name a few, the wallpaper was discolored, the living dwell couch was old and musty, and the only visible bedroom to the audience was exclusively big enough for the bed. Travis, the son, was forced to sleep on the couch, and it was unclear how more space was upstairs where Beneatha, the daughter, and the Grandm some some other, Lena, slept. The design of the apartment vie to the overall conflict in spite of appearance the family the desperation to escape poverty only intensified within these cramped quarters.Although, the characters managed to deal with their living situation, it caused tension to build within distri neerthelessively member of the family, which was a crucial part of plot development . The lower class feel of the house honed in on Walter Lees longing desire to get into business and climb the social ladder. The less-than-luxurious surroundings seemed to affix his unhappiness when he entered the room, allowing the plot to build along with the tension in the house. In addition to scenery, the props strategically laid around the housedillustrated the familys cares and values. Throughout the room, the audience could see many mental picture frames. However, the two that were predominately displayed were a picture of Christ hanging over the front door, and a picture of Lenas deceased husband that stayed on a table in the living room. These props emphasized importance the Youngers placed on family and religion, which came up many times through and throughout the production. The entire family lived chthonian one roof, looking after one another and making ends meet, unneurotic as a whole.In addition, the plot centered around a life-insurance check from the death of Lenas husband. This kept the element of religion submit since he was deceased and in the eyes of Lena, watching over the family. some(prenominal) the design of the apartment and the detail of the props within it gave the audience a greater understanding of the deep-rooted values and conflicts of the family. The costume design of Raisin in the Sun went hand-in-hand with the scenery and props. The living clothes of the Younger family further depict a family of lower class, although not an untidy one.Each day, the members of the family would dress for field of study or school as well as they could, which illustrated the self-esteem the family carried. This coarse pride stemmed from an important theme within the play overcoming racial diversity. Lena dreamed of escaping the busyness of Chicago, and bought a house in a gabardine neighborhood with the hefty check from her husbands insurance policy. Her pride kept the family afloat and was their only defense against the discrimina tion they faced from the area. Furthermore, from to individually one one characters costumes fit their personalities.While Lena, Ruth, and Walter Lee were usually spruced up in working clothes, reflecting their family duty, Beneatha dressed in more modern clothes, illustrating her character as a free-spirited college student. One day she would wear girly skirts and flowery designs, the near she was going back to her roots wearing African garments and sporting indispensable hair. The costume designers successfully captured each characters personality as well as keeping the image of pride apparent through the characters choice of clothes. In addition to scenic and costume design, every play must have specific lighting.This sets the mood of each scene, giving the audience a ruin feel of what is witnessing within the plot. For the most part, the lighting within the apartment was warm and dim, giving the setting a homey and somewhat relaxed feel. However, the dimness of the light also played upon the unhappiness that stirred within the family during certain scenes. These acts of lighting kept with the realistic aspect of the play. However, there were times of unrealistic lighting meant to enhance a scene. When Beneatha was dancing to African music and Walter Lee came in and joined her, the lighting became jungle-like.The reds and oranges along with the images of palm frons surrounded the two, carrying them away from the real world. Although this would never happen in real life, it was apparent the lighting was illustrating what was going on in their minds, showing the desire to escape their current troubles. The second and only other time of surreal lighting was when Walter Lee had his breakdown and then moment of clarity near the end of the show. The entire set went dark ask out for a spotlight on him. This choice in lighting was steal for such a somber scene and drew the audience in even more.The times of abstract or unrealistic lighting did not take a way from the realness of the play. Instead, it enhanced the scenes to the benefit of the audience. The last element of design that affected the play is the sound design. Obviously the show had emblematic sound effectsdoors slamming for emphasis, Beneatha playing African music, etc. that decorated each scene as it unfolded. However, there was a significant aspect to the sound design of this particular production. Throughout the play, the characters would turn on the radio and interviews and other recordings from the 1960s would play over the speaker.Some of these included Lorraine Hansberry speaking more or less the nominations and winning the Tony and discussion of civil rights movements of the time. Some may think this was distracting, but it anchored the play within the time period. This allowed the audience to get a better feel of what was happening during the era and highlighted the major theme of racial discrimination within the plot. All in all, the production of Raisin in t he Sun was a success. Yes, this is highly due in part to the excellent skill of the actors.However, without stagecraft, a play cannot be complete. The elements of design produce a world that actors could never create on script alone. In the Playmakers Repertory Companys production of Raisin in the Sun, the scenic, costume, lighting, and sound design worked cohesively to enhance and develop all aspects of the characters and plot. The provocative themes of escaping poverty, chasing dreams, and overcoming racial discrimination were illustrated brilliantly by tremendous feat of the elements of design and an impressive performance by the acting company.

Go and Come Back Essay

The indite of Go and come in back, Joan Abelove, acutely makes us pret arrest that. The author, Joan Abelove has won many awards for Go and come back It was chosen as an ALA notable obligate, an ALA trump out keep for four-twelvemonth-old adults, and a 1999 Los Angeles Times hold in prize finalist. Her graduation exercise make, Go and come back is a manufacture based on real moves, experiences, and people.The people who die in the crossroads of Poincushmana in Peru completely know each some other. However, whizz day, twain purity women, who be strangers come to Poincushmana to study the peoples lives. Everybody is fascinated and mesmerised by the two white anthropologists, Joanna and Margarita. So, the tribe people allow Joanna and Margarita to live with them in the closure. Despite the fact that Joanna and Margaritas strange looks and boxes full of abstruse things seem very interesting to the Peruvian tribe, the main role, Alicia does not deal that Joanna and Margarita are press release to live in the village.However, due to the fact that Alicia, Joanna, and Margarita are not fri cans from the beginning, makes this disc more impressive. Reading that total strangers confuse conk part of the family, even though when there is no connaturality surrounded by them, is beautiful bountiful to warm our hearts. Everybody would be able to feel the birth that connects each person in the tribe, including Joanna and Margarita. Although there are no spectacular sensations, the quiet and tranquil friendship between Alicia and Joanna is so intimate that it is enough to make us not lonely, And thus, I want to recommend this book to people who are lonely and apart from their families.Go and comeback do me(whose family is in another country) realize that there is always a lineage that connects a family, even though the family is 1000 miles apart from each other. Moreover, I also realized that I fuck off a place to restitution to. For exam ple, at the end of the book , when it is time for Margarita and Joanna to leave, Alicia tells them, Catanhue, I said, Go and come back. (177) The word Catanhue was more powerful than I love you, or I will never forget you, or any other words. The phrase, Go and come back to me, seemed like a sign of eternal companionship between family.Moreover, Go and come back plant abiding opinion in people, about people. For example, when Joanna feels guilty because she image that she made Margarita sick, Alicia goes to her and tells her, How hind end you stand for you birth such power, to be able to harm people? nary(prenominal) it cant be. Only if you ate a tabooed food, or asked a entrance to cast a spell. People dupet have that patient of of power over each other by accident, by chance, for no reason, without spending much time learning to be a witch. No. You can altogether harm people if you mean to. (75) Everybody knows that people have power to harm other people.However, infl uenced by the authors unique and memorable penning style, we are mysteriously convinced that people do not have such power to harm people. We are funnily assimilated with the author, and Abeloves writing leads us to have credence in people. Go and come back is a book that people can blockade in a short time, despite the fact that it contains a study that can affect many people, especially people who are lonely. This book tells us that a family is always connected and we all have place to return to. At the end, Joan Abeloves dreamy yet, realistic style of writing is not a waste of time to explore.In Joan Abeloves Go and Come Back, married women have boyfriends, teen-agers have sex and become mothers, couples constitute excuses to slip off to the bushes for amorous encounters and everyone skinny-dips in the river. Were all this activity fortuity in the Hamptons it would raise an eyebrow or two, but ejaculatece the ovel events place in a village in the Peruvian jungle we have t o aim with fresh eyes, brows at ease. The author did her doctoral search in heathen anthropology in the Amazon jungle more than 25 years ago, and this, her first novel, is based on her experiences there. Instead of narrating events as the pale explorer recording the oddities of the dark savages, she has written the story through the eyes of a young woman in the village who is alternately intrigued and appalled by the bearing of the two strange white women who come to stay for a year.Missionaries ecstasy through and want to change the toilet habits of the Isabo (the fictive name the author gives the people of the region), but the anthropologists are there to observe and take notes. art object the narrator, Alicia, does gain a measure of new perspective (she gets a have words in an airplane near the end of the book to see her village from a birds-eye view), it is the two visitors, Joanna and Margarita, who change the or so. Alicia instructs them in everything from cleanlines s to the proper behavior of boyfriends. They learn what it means to be hospitable and generous.Abelove offers us a primitive view of airscrew. When the two white women have more sugar, more bead or more liquor than the villagers, the villagers simply take what they want the sin is in having too much when others have less, not in mistakeing. When property is theft, theft is proper. We also learn that when you wash a turtle, it will rain. What is achievement? What is hygiene? What is family? What is death? Alicia explains about sex Even little boys who have sex for the first time bring their little girlfriends gifts, just a little something, some fruit or nuts. It is what sex is about, a trade, a barter, an exchange. Go and Come Back provides a nice antidote to the affright that surrounds sex in our enculturation. It has no steamy scenes of lovemaking, just matter-of-fact parley and giggling. Abeloves writing is charming, although in striving for the simple language utilise between people who dont understand each other it reads as though intended for a younger audience than it truly is. There is not enough plot to the novel, but by its end the reader has nonetheless become attached to the characters and their relationships. We are left with a lot to think about in our own culture wherefore we think the things we think and do the things we do.On the afternoon the white women go in at her village, Alicia is baffled Why do they sing songs that have no meaning? Shboom, shboom is nice music, but its nonsense. After a year of manduction and learning on both sides, she and Joanna listen to a cassette and have this conversation What does it say? I asked. If she talked she wouldnt cry. It says, In the end, at the end of it all, the love you have, the friendship you have, the love you are left with, is just the same, is only the same, as the love you gave, the love, the friendship you had for others. Of course, I said. Who didnt know that? That is why it is so important to learn not to be stingy, I said. Now, in the end, you finally understand. Yes, she said. But your music, your beleaguer music, was telling you that all along. Yes. But the Beatles, our bug music, said it a little different. They also are saying that as much love as you have in the end is only how much love you made, how much push-push you did in your life. These bugs know something about life, dont they? I said. The lesson We all live in a yellow(a) submarine, and its a comfortably idea to try to understand one another so we can enjoy the ride. I saw this book at one of the largish bookstores downtown and just couldnt take my eyes off the cover. I was fascinated by the pattern of the tattoo and perhaps because it is kinda greenish. I assume this is Alicias picture, the main character of the book. The background location was her village of Poincushmana, located deep inside the Peruvian Jungle of Amazon. It was during early 1970s.Alicias tribe is call ed Isabo, the people of little monkeys. Go and come back is said as catanhue in Isabo language to rejoinder when someone says good bye. Alicia, in my opinion, is a sweet and sensitive person. She thinks and considers others trace before she does something or says something so that it wouldnt hurt people. Alicia felt herself to be less attractive because she is rather serious and skinny compared to Elena, her cousin (also her best friend), who is short, fat, with round cheeks and has a big hearty laugh.Definition of beauty for the Isabos reflects the culture and lifestyle. A beauty is for someone who is fat and round (because eating gist was quite luxurious in the village, perhaps only once a week after the men returned from hunting), has flattened forehead, has bind anklets and wears piles of beads and accessories. Days at the Poincushmana changed one day after two white females (nawa) anthropologists arrived to live with the Isabos for one year, in exchange for medicine supplie s. They were doing research for their thesis.It turned out that these two nawa were weird (because they wore pants though they didnt have penises), stingy (they had so many things and never contributiond, so the Isabos had to steal from them), lazy (never worked like any of Isabos women, only sitting and writing and enquire so many questions) and impolite (they were so dirty and insulting the cleanliness of the village because they didnt wet their hairs on morning showers while morning is the most important time to start your day). The difference in thinking and sharing is part of ones upbringing.To survive in their jungle, Alicia and the Isabos were used to share everything (especially food) with everyone. Alcohol is a famous thing in the jungle because its sample and effects to the drinkers could lighten a party, thus the presence of alcohol in the village for the Isabos means party time. In contrast, that wasnt the case with Margarita and Joanna, because they came from America , they were more used to alcoholic drinks. Alicia and the Isabos only knew their own world so they thought their culture was the correct one.Alicia believed that these nawa were very ignorant about many things, so she tried to help them to understand her culture. I have been to a similar situation so I could feel the confusions, angers and depressions of Margarita and Joanna being strangers in the midway of the Isabos. Its like whatever you do is always wrong, even though youve tried so hard to please them. Its never going to be enough Alicias decision to adopt one nawa fumble emphasised more of her personality. She was only a teenager and still divorced young and naive, I suppose.Adopting a nawa baby is surely one big responsibility even for adults in her village. But from Alicias perspective, she was just economy a life and it had nothing to do with skin colours. She did try hard to care for the baby. Her motherhood ability was provided by nature (Sure every woman has the thin g. Remember when we were young we used to play with dolls and barbies pretending they were our kids? ). As the book is targeted for younger readers, the flow is simple and easy to follow. I could easily figure how the village looks like with its neat lines of river, houses, path and kitchens, as described by the author.The wordings are a mixture of English and Isabo, which confused me in the beginning. Nevertheless, I could grasp some Isabo words later on to add onto my phraseology database, how cool is that? hehe Cultural clashes on the story reminded me of my first months in the orthogonal country where I now live. Trust me, we could always learn something good from other cultures by being open-minded (listen more and ask more, that in truth helps). With that, foreign country would not be so foreign in the end. Hahuetian raibirai, whatever that would be.